Scab is a common disease in wheat growth. In humid climates, wheat ear disease occurs more seriously, and the disease directly leads to wheat ear rot, which also causes wheat seedlings and base rot. After the onset, the yield of wheat will be reduced by about 15%, and the special disease will be severely affected, and the yield will be reduced by more than 80%. The following is mainly to explain the occurrence of wheat scab in Weifang area and the prevention and control techniques for everyone!
1 Pathogen of wheat scab
The sexual status of wheat scab is Gibberella zeae (Ascomycetes), and the asexual state is Fusarium graminearum (Half fungus). Scab can occur during the whole wheat growth period, and the period of the greatest damage to ear rot is the ear stage, and the ear rot is also prone to occur during the flowering stage. When you are sick, first, water-stained brown spots appear on the wheat husks, and the spots with unclear edges appear. The stains gradually spread to the whole ear, and the susceptible spikelets quickly turn yellow. In general, after the wheat cob is susceptible, scab affects the transport of nutrients and water in the cob tissue, which directly leads to the death of the upper part of the spikelet. In the later stage of the disease, conidia or conidia may appear at the gap of the glume or at the base of the spikelet, and it is present in the pink colloidal layer. The wheat grain of the Phytophthora sinensis shrinks and carries a mildew layer, which directly affects the quality and yield of wheat.
2 The incidence of wheat scab
Scab is a pancreatic disease in wheat production, especially in the flowering stage of wheat. It is hot and rainy in summer, especially suitable for wheat scab. In general, the primary infection source of scab is mainly the ascospores on the overwintering plant residues. Under different environmental conditions, the development of ascospores is closely related to temperature and soil moisture. In short, high temperature and high humidity are the most important conditions for the formation, development and maturation of ascospores. When the relative humidity is >98% or in the case of water droplets, the ascospores can release the ascospores when they mature, and when the relative humidity is ≤95%, they cannot be released. Therefore, after the light rain, it is the most favorable time for spore release. After the spores are released, the wind can be rapidly spread by the wind. The breeze below the third level is most favorable. Therefore, the spread of wheat scab is basically around the onset. Through the asymmetry of the anthers as a medium for rapid spread, after the occurrence of disease rot, the small spikes are quickly invaded, and some pathogens directly invade into the interior of the spikelets. After 3 to 5 days of wheat susceptibility, the invading spikelets occur, and the mycelium continues to spread along the cob to the upper and lower adjacent spikelets. Under the condition of high peripheral humidity, the disease spreads faster. After the onset of rainy conditions, the conidia produced on the diseased ear can spread rapidly, speeding up the spread and spread of the disease. From the point of view of the invasion period, the most favorable period can be clearly defined as the heading of wheat to the late stage of flowering, and after the stage of wheat milk maturity, the pathogen usually does not invade.
3 epidemic factors
The disease resistance of wheat breeding varieties, local warm and humid climate conditions, and the number of bacterial sources are the main factors directly affecting the occurrence and prevalence of wheat scab.
3.1 Variety of disease
In the production of wheat, susceptible or medium-resistant varieties are widely used, and high-resistance varieties are difficult to promote due to high-yield performance or other agronomic traits due to the limitation of their breeding purposes. There are also many differences in the shape of the same wheat variety in different growth stages. Through research, it was found that the susceptible traits of wheat in the flowering stage, heading stage and milk stage gradually decreased, and the pathogens in the late growth stage generally did not invade.
3.2 Source of bacteria
The amount of bacterial source is the precondition for the prevalence of wheat scab. The aerial spore suspension, the carrier rate and the adhesion of wheat spores are the important indicators of the number of bacterial sources. The larger the disease, the stronger the disease prevalence.
3.3 Temperature and humidity climatic conditions
The temperature and humidity in the wheat area directly determine whether the wheat scab can be popular. In the wheat heading and flowering period, when the rainfall is high, the humidity will accelerate the disease. In general, the temperature of the onset of scab begins at 15 °C, and as the temperature increases, the rate at which the pathogen infects the plant is accelerated. After research, the optimum temperature is 25 °C, the incubation period of the pathogen is significantly shorter, the incidence rate of the wheat field is increased, and the damage is aggravated. If the relative humidity is more than ≥85% for a long time, and the continuous rainfall occurs, the disease prevalence coefficient will be greatly increased. Judging from the Weifang area, the temperature and humidity of the wheat heading and flowering period are in line with the conditions of the disease. At the same time, it is worth noting that scab is sensitive to weather changes, and occasional weather changes will make the development of the disease uncertain. Therefore, the impact of weather changes on the prevalence of wheat scab is highly valued in production.
4 Wheat scab agricultural control technology
4.1 Management measures
It is preferred to use wheat varieties with strong resistance to scab, timely sowing, timely drainage of wheat fields, no accumulation of water, reasonable control of fertilization, and application of potassium fertilizer, which can effectively alleviate the probability of occurrence of wheat diseases in the field and reduce the harm.
(1) Select resistant varieties. This is an important measure to reduce the incidence of wheat scab, but due to planting patterns and technical limitations, the wheat scab line is resistant to different regional traits.
(2) Sowing at the right time. By scientifically planting, improving the microclimate, and avoiding too late planting, it can effectively avoid the period of damage caused by wheat scab. By selecting early-maturing varieties, avoiding the favorable environmental conditions for the occurrence of scab in the heading and flowering period, and controlling the amount of seeding according to the characteristics of the variety and the level of fertility of the plot, ensuring the basic seedling number and creating an environment conducive to the occurrence of wheat scab. , can effectively reduce the risk of germs.
(3) Scientific fertilization. Increase the amount of potassium fertilizer applied, apply sufficient base fertilizer, skillfully apply back to green joint fertilizer, promote formula fertilization, and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer.
(4) Pay attention to daily field management. In particular, we must pay attention to the arrangement of the field ditch system, remove the weeds in time, and dig the ridges in advance before the flowering period, so that the precipitation can be dredged in time to avoid water accumulation and effectively reduce the humidity in the field. Weeding in time before winter and after spring, reducing the spread of disease.
4.2 Chemical control
The main means of controlling wheat scab is still the chemical control method. The study found that the effect of chemical control is mainly related to the time of application. From the time of normal application, the best time is during the flowering period of wheat. If the temperature at the wheat spike is high, the wheat needs to be stalked and raised. Advance the application time to the heading stage. The commonly used medicaments in the production are the moldy mildewable wettable powder, the carbendazim wettable powder, the methyl thiophanate wettable powder, and the carbendazim salicylate wettable powder. It is recommended that the carbendazim and other agents be used interchangeably in the Weifang area to effectively alleviate the resistance of the bacteria. In the year when the scab is prevalent, the polyketone WP can be applied twice in the appropriate period, and the first application is carried out in the field at the beginning of the disease, and the second time is used according to the disease development. It is advisable to take the medicine 7~10d before the peak of the disease. According to the degree of the disease, if it is below medium, it will be applied at the beginning of the disease, which will achieve better control effect.
4.3 Biological control
Biological control refers to the use of biological agents to control diseases. Biocontrol bacteria generally have six important characteristics: market price meets production demand, simple nutritional requirements, stable genetic traits, good control effect, no pathogenicity to host and Effective bactericidal performance. From the current development of biological control, the biological control of wheat scab has no large-scale production and application, and it has not been applied to the market on a large scale. The reason is that the development time period is long, and the ideal development has not yet been developed. Biocontrol bacteria may also have low control effect and cannot fully satisfy the above six conditions and cannot replace chemical fungicides.
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