I. Overview Dengchuan Town is located 23 kilometers southeast of Wuyuan County, Dali Prefecture. It is 50 kilometers away from Shimonoseki where the state capital is located. It has a total area of ​​44 square kilometers and has a good location advantage. Dengchuan is a temperate monsoon climate with an altitude of 1900 -2400 meters. In the spring, the food crops are mainly rice and corn, and the economic crops are mainly flue-cured tobacco; the Xiaochun production is dominated by the cultivation of garlic and broad bean; the rural sideline is mainly dairy farming, supplemented by fisheries, processing, and mining, and gradually formed. The status quo of rural economic structure integrating planting, breeding and processing. In recent years, in order to seek new economic growth points in agriculture and rural areas, the town has actively promoted the construction of modern tobacco agriculture on the basis of the spirit of provincial, state, and county tobacco work conferences, and adhered to the principle of “market guidance, program management, and rational planting. The guiding principle of "adjustment of layout, quality of main attack" is centered around the working philosophy of "Quality First, Science and Technology First" and strives to create the "Lanyuan Tobacco Brand" as the ultimate goal. For this reason, it is particularly important to increase the in-situation rate of scientific and technological measures and the internal quality of tobacco; in particular, in the production of flue-cured tobacco in 2010, due to the adjustment of tobacco planting varieties, the “high-quality tobacco varieties†“Safflower Gold†replaced “Yun 85, Cloud 87†Therefore, the availability of technological measures is even more important.
Second, the characteristics of high-quality tobacco varieties "safflower Dajinyuan" Safflower Dajinyuan (abbreviated as "Hongda") is recognized as a fine variety of flue-cured tobacco, its unique aroma style is very good, deeply loved by the cigarette industry. However, due to the special characteristics of the "red big" variety, strict requirements are placed on cultivation and baking techniques. Under the same conditions, compared with "Yun 85, Yun 87" and other varieties, the "Hongda" leaf has a large chlorophyll content, the yellowing leaf is slow during the mature period, and even the more green in the field, the lower the degree of yellowing during roasted, therefore, Hard to bake. For this reason, timely planting and promotion of early-onset and fast-growing leaves the maturity period of tobacco leaves as early as possible in a good light condition is the key to a good “Hongda†variety (this area requires the end of transplanting on May 10, August 30. Roasting finished a few days ago).
The "Red Da" roots have strong developed absorption capacity, and therefore they have the characteristics of drought-tolerant fertilizers and potassium-loving properties, and are particularly sensitive to nitrogen fertilizers. When the nitrogen is too high, it is often difficult to bake because of the greediness during the prosperous period. Therefore, it is necessary to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the potassium fertilizer. It is better to use organic fertilizer that has been piled up. In the process of planting and management, “Big Red†is susceptible to black stem disease, root black rot, and brown spot disease. Among them, “two black diseases†are the biggest hidden dangers of planting “Hongdaâ€, and they should be strictly prevented during production. In addition, special attention should be paid to regulating the relationship between temperature and humidity in the baking process of “Red Bigâ€. As the saying goes: "No water is not yellow, water is not bad," which fully shows that maintaining the right humidity is the key to baking. The hydrophilic group contained in the "red giant" leaves is free water, and the loss of moisture during baking is rapid, and it is often easy to "bake", so during the yellowing period, it must be "steady warming and slow dehumidification," and if necessary, Can artificially increase the kiln humidity, in order to maintain the dynamic balance between temperature and humidity, and to prolong the yellowing period, so as to be able to bake a good "red big" tobacco.
III. Main Cultivation Techniques of "Hongda"
1. Do a good job in crop rotation and field pre-construction work: Hongdayi is infected with soil-borne diseases, “two black diseases,†and it is better to use the soil that was not planted in the previous year for planting. Conditional rotation should be implemented. Deep plowing should be done as early as possible. Get more sunburn time.
Line spacing requirements: spacing 1.1 to 1.2 meters, spacing 0.45 to 0.5 meters, ridging requirements: deep trench high ridge, trench straight trench empty, full ridge body, soil crushing. The Tianyan ridge height is more than 30 feet and the ground smoke ridge height is more than 25 feet. Tianyan ditching and ridging should ensure unobstructed drainage, uniform drainage ditches in the area, and require short fields in Changtian, which are difficult to accumulate in the ditch;
2. Scientific fertilization: The soil fertility of the tobacco districts of our county is different. According to the soil test results, it is recommended that the pure nitrogen amount be 3 to 5 kg/mu, and the basic fertilization formula should be (N:P:K) 1:1 to 1.2:3 or higher. The principle of fertilization is strictly controlling nitrogen, stabilizing phosphorus and increasing potassium.
(1) Base fertilizer application: Phosphate fertilizer, oil-bearing and farmyard manure fermented by stacking, the dosage per acre is generally 800-1200 kg. The farmyard fertilizer is applied in front of the plowing field (Xiaochun) or is applied to the ridge at the front of the planting ridges and then ridiculed. Part of the farmyard fertilizer is left as cover fertilizer.
(2) Early application of topdressing: Since the later stage of "Hongda" is later than the "Yun85, Yun87" and other varieties, the yellowing time is late and the degree of yellowing is low. Try to make the maturity period of tobacco leaves earlier. This will prompt the early growth of the tobacco. , Dressing time is early. Production practice has proved that using fertilizer and water as setting water has obvious effect of promoting early-onset hair. The method is to use 3 to 5 kilograms of compound fertilizer per acre after transplanting and pour water at a concentration of 0.5% to 1% for rooting. For the second time, the topdressing fertilizer will be mixed with 7 to 10 kg of compound fertilizer per acre for three to five percent after 7 days of planting. The third top dressing will be 5% of the remaining compound fertilizer for 20 to 25 days after planting. Concentration water pouring; the fourth top dressing in the 35 ~ 45 days after planting combined with the removal of the film in soil before potash fertilizer and the need to add compound fertilizer watered. For example, top-dressing with potassium nitrate can be applied with other fertilizers or dilute with water separately during the second or third topdressing. The use of urea fertiliser is strictly prohibited.
(3) Potassium foliar application: In the late growth period, Hongda has a tendency to prosperous, and it often causes potassium deficiency in the middle and upper leaves. The method is to prevent the growth of tobacco plants that are prone to prosperous growth. When symptoms of potassium deficiency are indicated, use water-soluble potash or ordinary potassium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate to spray at a concentration of 2 to 3%, spray once every 7 to 10 days, and spray more than three times. Tests and production practices have shown that this can effectively improve the quality of tobacco leaves after baking, and increase the potassium content of tobacco leaves.
3, 100% mulching film cultivation: In our county, whether it is a pre-drought year or a pre-rainy year, whether it is a mountainous region or a dam area, the cover film has a general promoting effect on the growth of tobacco plants. In the dry year, it can retain water and heat, and it can control the temperature of the water in rainy years. It is very beneficial to the development of roots and early growth of tobacco plants. In order to make full use of the role of the plastic film, it is necessary to cover the membrane and Tube in production. Remove the film timely.
4. Improve the quality of transplanting: In order to make it grow into happy early, when transplanting, it is necessary to use a thin soil to root, try to deeply bury the stem in the soil, only exposing the stem with a stem height of 2cm. Pay attention to immersing the rooting water, spray insecticides, and ensure full seedlings.
5, do a good job in water management: Cover film smoke in the pouring root water and covered with a good film after transplanting more than ten days without watering, in the soil moisture content is lower and the soil temperature is higher under the conditions conducive to root growth Therefore, you should not diligently water after planting. For areas with watering habits, attention should be paid to “eat more meals and less meals†when the drought is seriously watered, that is, reducing the number of watering and increasing the amount of each watering, which is conducive to deep roots. For areas with watering habits, we must guard against irrigation induced "black disease", because the decline in soil temperature after irrigation, is not conducive to the growth of new roots, the immunity of tobacco seedlings is reduced, and water becomes a vector, easy to induce two black The outbreak of the disease, therefore, should be handed over instead of full irrigation, after the planting should not be immediately irrigation, it is best to be half a month after the new seedlings to be issued when the disease resistance is stronger when the strong irrigation, and irrigation can not be flooded Over the face, soaking time can not be too long, with irrigation with row. Anti-disease agents should also be used in conjunction with irrigation. After irrigation, the plastic film must be re-covered and compacted. When a tobacco plant enters a prosperous period in case of drought, it shall be timely flooded, and prevention and control of the two black diseases shall be strengthened before and after irrigation.
6. Prevent pests and diseases that focus on “two black diseases†as the focus: Conscientiously carry out the plant protection policy of “prevention-oriented, comprehensive prevention and control†and “mainly agricultural prevention and control, and chemical prevention and controlâ€.
In the red smoke area, the system of defense: The stem base is sprayed with Dongwang Heida 1500 times liquid at 3 to 7 days after transplanting or transplanting; 58% metalaxyl is used after transplanting for 10 to 15 days. Manganese zinc can be used. Wet powder 500 times the base of the stem; After entering the prosperous period, the above-mentioned medicaments can be used for prevention and control of fields with high incidence.
Second, the characteristics of high-quality tobacco varieties "safflower Dajinyuan" Safflower Dajinyuan (abbreviated as "Hongda") is recognized as a fine variety of flue-cured tobacco, its unique aroma style is very good, deeply loved by the cigarette industry. However, due to the special characteristics of the "red big" variety, strict requirements are placed on cultivation and baking techniques. Under the same conditions, compared with "Yun 85, Yun 87" and other varieties, the "Hongda" leaf has a large chlorophyll content, the yellowing leaf is slow during the mature period, and even the more green in the field, the lower the degree of yellowing during roasted, therefore, Hard to bake. For this reason, timely planting and promotion of early-onset and fast-growing leaves the maturity period of tobacco leaves as early as possible in a good light condition is the key to a good “Hongda†variety (this area requires the end of transplanting on May 10, August 30. Roasting finished a few days ago).
The "Red Da" roots have strong developed absorption capacity, and therefore they have the characteristics of drought-tolerant fertilizers and potassium-loving properties, and are particularly sensitive to nitrogen fertilizers. When the nitrogen is too high, it is often difficult to bake because of the greediness during the prosperous period. Therefore, it is necessary to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the potassium fertilizer. It is better to use organic fertilizer that has been piled up. In the process of planting and management, “Big Red†is susceptible to black stem disease, root black rot, and brown spot disease. Among them, “two black diseases†are the biggest hidden dangers of planting “Hongdaâ€, and they should be strictly prevented during production. In addition, special attention should be paid to regulating the relationship between temperature and humidity in the baking process of “Red Bigâ€. As the saying goes: "No water is not yellow, water is not bad," which fully shows that maintaining the right humidity is the key to baking. The hydrophilic group contained in the "red giant" leaves is free water, and the loss of moisture during baking is rapid, and it is often easy to "bake", so during the yellowing period, it must be "steady warming and slow dehumidification," and if necessary, Can artificially increase the kiln humidity, in order to maintain the dynamic balance between temperature and humidity, and to prolong the yellowing period, so as to be able to bake a good "red big" tobacco.
III. Main Cultivation Techniques of "Hongda"
1. Do a good job in crop rotation and field pre-construction work: Hongdayi is infected with soil-borne diseases, “two black diseases,†and it is better to use the soil that was not planted in the previous year for planting. Conditional rotation should be implemented. Deep plowing should be done as early as possible. Get more sunburn time.
Line spacing requirements: spacing 1.1 to 1.2 meters, spacing 0.45 to 0.5 meters, ridging requirements: deep trench high ridge, trench straight trench empty, full ridge body, soil crushing. The Tianyan ridge height is more than 30 feet and the ground smoke ridge height is more than 25 feet. Tianyan ditching and ridging should ensure unobstructed drainage, uniform drainage ditches in the area, and require short fields in Changtian, which are difficult to accumulate in the ditch;
2. Scientific fertilization: The soil fertility of the tobacco districts of our county is different. According to the soil test results, it is recommended that the pure nitrogen amount be 3 to 5 kg/mu, and the basic fertilization formula should be (N:P:K) 1:1 to 1.2:3 or higher. The principle of fertilization is strictly controlling nitrogen, stabilizing phosphorus and increasing potassium.
(1) Base fertilizer application: Phosphate fertilizer, oil-bearing and farmyard manure fermented by stacking, the dosage per acre is generally 800-1200 kg. The farmyard fertilizer is applied in front of the plowing field (Xiaochun) or is applied to the ridge at the front of the planting ridges and then ridiculed. Part of the farmyard fertilizer is left as cover fertilizer.
(2) Early application of topdressing: Since the later stage of "Hongda" is later than the "Yun85, Yun87" and other varieties, the yellowing time is late and the degree of yellowing is low. Try to make the maturity period of tobacco leaves earlier. This will prompt the early growth of the tobacco. , Dressing time is early. Production practice has proved that using fertilizer and water as setting water has obvious effect of promoting early-onset hair. The method is to use 3 to 5 kilograms of compound fertilizer per acre after transplanting and pour water at a concentration of 0.5% to 1% for rooting. For the second time, the topdressing fertilizer will be mixed with 7 to 10 kg of compound fertilizer per acre for three to five percent after 7 days of planting. The third top dressing will be 5% of the remaining compound fertilizer for 20 to 25 days after planting. Concentration water pouring; the fourth top dressing in the 35 ~ 45 days after planting combined with the removal of the film in soil before potash fertilizer and the need to add compound fertilizer watered. For example, top-dressing with potassium nitrate can be applied with other fertilizers or dilute with water separately during the second or third topdressing. The use of urea fertiliser is strictly prohibited.
(3) Potassium foliar application: In the late growth period, Hongda has a tendency to prosperous, and it often causes potassium deficiency in the middle and upper leaves. The method is to prevent the growth of tobacco plants that are prone to prosperous growth. When symptoms of potassium deficiency are indicated, use water-soluble potash or ordinary potassium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate to spray at a concentration of 2 to 3%, spray once every 7 to 10 days, and spray more than three times. Tests and production practices have shown that this can effectively improve the quality of tobacco leaves after baking, and increase the potassium content of tobacco leaves.
3, 100% mulching film cultivation: In our county, whether it is a pre-drought year or a pre-rainy year, whether it is a mountainous region or a dam area, the cover film has a general promoting effect on the growth of tobacco plants. In the dry year, it can retain water and heat, and it can control the temperature of the water in rainy years. It is very beneficial to the development of roots and early growth of tobacco plants. In order to make full use of the role of the plastic film, it is necessary to cover the membrane and Tube in production. Remove the film timely.
4. Improve the quality of transplanting: In order to make it grow into happy early, when transplanting, it is necessary to use a thin soil to root, try to deeply bury the stem in the soil, only exposing the stem with a stem height of 2cm. Pay attention to immersing the rooting water, spray insecticides, and ensure full seedlings.
5, do a good job in water management: Cover film smoke in the pouring root water and covered with a good film after transplanting more than ten days without watering, in the soil moisture content is lower and the soil temperature is higher under the conditions conducive to root growth Therefore, you should not diligently water after planting. For areas with watering habits, attention should be paid to “eat more meals and less meals†when the drought is seriously watered, that is, reducing the number of watering and increasing the amount of each watering, which is conducive to deep roots. For areas with watering habits, we must guard against irrigation induced "black disease", because the decline in soil temperature after irrigation, is not conducive to the growth of new roots, the immunity of tobacco seedlings is reduced, and water becomes a vector, easy to induce two black The outbreak of the disease, therefore, should be handed over instead of full irrigation, after the planting should not be immediately irrigation, it is best to be half a month after the new seedlings to be issued when the disease resistance is stronger when the strong irrigation, and irrigation can not be flooded Over the face, soaking time can not be too long, with irrigation with row. Anti-disease agents should also be used in conjunction with irrigation. After irrigation, the plastic film must be re-covered and compacted. When a tobacco plant enters a prosperous period in case of drought, it shall be timely flooded, and prevention and control of the two black diseases shall be strengthened before and after irrigation.
6. Prevent pests and diseases that focus on “two black diseases†as the focus: Conscientiously carry out the plant protection policy of “prevention-oriented, comprehensive prevention and control†and “mainly agricultural prevention and control, and chemical prevention and controlâ€.
In the red smoke area, the system of defense: The stem base is sprayed with Dongwang Heida 1500 times liquid at 3 to 7 days after transplanting or transplanting; 58% metalaxyl is used after transplanting for 10 to 15 days. Manganese zinc can be used. Wet powder 500 times the base of the stem; After entering the prosperous period, the above-mentioned medicaments can be used for prevention and control of fields with high incidence.
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