Spinach has strong cold tolerance and can withstand low temperatures below 0 °C. The open field can be cultivated in winter. Spinach grows rapidly, has a short growing period, high multiple cropping index, high investment and high yield, and simple management technology. As long as scientific cultivation techniques are adopted, suitable varieties are selected, and the sowing date is adjusted reasonably, annual cultivation can be achieved.
1 production environment requirements
It is advisable to choose a flat terrain, convenient drainage and irrigation, deep soil layers, loose and fertile soil, and good physical and chemical properties. In the first 2 to 3 years, sand loam or clay soil blocks of sugar beet and spinach are not planted. The forehead can be beans, melons, and peppers, and grain or cash crops can be selected. The production site should be far away from the pollution source, there is no industrial “three wastes†within 3km, and there are no pollution sources such as large livestock farms.
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1 Spring cultivation will be planted in stages from mid-February to late-April in February, and will be harvested from late April to late June.
2 Summer cultivation will be planted in stages from early May to mid-July, and will be harvested from late June to mid-September.
3 Autumn cultivation will be planted in stages from early August to late October, and will be harvested from late September to late December.
4 wintering cultivation will be planted in stages from mid-November to late January, and will be harvested from late January to late February.
Among them, spring from March to April and autumn from September to October are the most suitable season for spinach growth.
3 variety selection
Spinach grown in spring and winter should be selected from varieties with strong cold tolerance, resistance to convulsions, disease resistance, high quality, high yield, strong resistance, high yield and good quality; spinach grown in summer and autumn should be selected for rapid growth, heat resistance and resistance. Disease, high quality, high yield, resistance to convulsions, strong resistance, high yield and good quality. Common cultivars in Shanghai include green leafy spinach, Hercules, Fumei, Lvbao, Husong No. 1, Qiangsheng, Taisheng and Husong No. 5.
4 soil preparation
Spinach has a high yield, a long harvest period, and a large amount of fertilizer, especially nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. Therefore, the base fertilizer should be applied before the preparation of the soil. After the harvest, the leaves of the previous crops are removed in time, and the soil is deepened and the soil is matured. When the soil is prepared, the organic fertilizer is applied to 3000~5000kg/667m2, and the special compound fertilizer for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium vegetables is applied 50kg/667m2. The amount of fertilizer can be adjusted according to the growth period and soil fertility. The base fertilizer is mainly based on Saskatchewan, and it is 15~25cm deep. After fertilization, the soil is deep and flat, and it is suitable for sorghum cultivation in winter and spring, and flat cultivation in summer and autumn. The height is 0.15~0.20m and the width is 1.20~1.50m.
5 germination sowing
5.1 seed germination
Spinach seed coat is thicker, water and air are not easy to enter. If the seed is not treated before sowing, the seed is slow and uneven after sowing. Especially in summer and autumn when planting in the hot season, the germination rate of dry seeds is extremely low. In order to speed up the emergence of seedlings and maintain the same growth period, the method of soaking seeds and germination is usually adopted before sowing. Planting and cultivating in spring from March to April and autumn from September to October can not be soaked and germinated, and can be germinated in order to speed up the emergence of seedlings.
The specific soaking and germination methods are as follows:
First select the selected seeds, soak seeds with 50% 84 disinfectant for 15min, rinse with water; soak the seeds with warm water at 55 °C for 30min, stirring constantly; then soak the seeds with water, and put them in the refrigerator at 4 °C for 12h, rinse off with water; Then put it at 15~20 °C for germination, and it will be white for 24~48h.
5.2 Seeding method
Most of the spinach cultivation adopts the live broadcast method, which is mainly based on sowing and strip, and can also be mechanized sowing. 1~2 weeks before sowing, the surface water is poured into the surface; 3~4 days before sowing, 667m2 is applied to the surface with 5% phoxim granules 4~5kg and shallowly poured into the soil for soil treatment. , underground pests such as cockroaches, and then flatten the noodles. Ditch and pour the bottom water before the seeding, the row spacing is 8~10cm, and the ditch depth is 3~4cm. After the seeding, the soil is covered with soil and compacted with sufficient water to cover the soil. The thickness of the soil is 1~2cm. After spreading, the soil is not covered with soil. Generally, the planting amount in spring is 3~4kg/667m2, and the seeding rate in high temperature period and wintering cultivation is 4~5kg/667m2. The multiple harvesting and wintering cultivation need to increase the seeding amount appropriately, which can be increased to 8~9kg/667m2. Keep the soil moist after sowing.
Spinach is sown in summer and autumn. Cover it with straw or cover it with a small arch shed to prevent high temperatures and direct sunlight. Watering should be carried out in the morning and evening, or watering with micro-spraying, can not be poured, often keep the soil moist, 6 to 7 days after the seedlings. If the winter and spring sowing spinach is planted later, and the temperature is low, the plastic film or shade net is covered on the seedling hoe to promote the seedling, and the seedling is removed after emergence.
In addition, summer and autumn spinach can also be transplanted and planted after the first seedling, and the high temperature or low temperature season can be avoided in the early stage. The germinated seeds were sown in 72-well trays and colonized in 5 to 6 true leaves. In general, summer should be transplanted on cloudy or evening. Before transplanting, the seedbed should be watered to make the roots of the seedlings more soil. When transplanting in the field, it should be planted shallowly, and water should be poured in time after planting. The temperature in summer and autumn will be high. Watering will be done once in the morning and evening, usually in 3~5 days. The plant spacing is 8~10cm, the row spacing is 15~20cm, and the planting density is 30,000~40000 plants/667m2.
6 field management
6.1 Temperature Management
Spring and winter spinach should be covered with plastic film when the temperature is low, which can be directly covered on the surface of the clam, or covered with a small arch. When directly covering, the film is removed after the spinach is emerged or replaced by a small arch. Pay attention to the small arch shed to expose the night cover and clear the rain cover. When planting summer and autumn spinach, cover the sunshade net before and after emergence, clear the cover and expose it, and cover it early to cool down.
6.2 Water Management
In the early stage of spring and winter cultivation, water is properly controlled, and the amount of water is increased in the later stage to keep the soil moist. After sowing in summer and autumn, it should be lightly poured and watered to keep the soil moist and reduce the soil temperature. The soil is kept moist during the growth period, and the soil water content is 60% to 70%. The hydration can be sprayed or furrowed, and the water surface is 2cm below the rake surface during furrow irrigation. Watering at high temperatures should be carried out at morning and evening, and watering at low temperatures should be carried out at noon. During the rainy season, you should pay attention to ditch drainage and keep the water in the field. When the humidity is high, ventilation should be increased to prevent downy mildew.
Generally, the first water is poured after 3 to 4 days of sowing, and the second water is poured when 2 leaves and 1 heart. 3~4 tablets of true leaves (plant spacing 5~8cm, row spacing 15~20cm), watering the third time water, combined with intercropping and topdressing, can be used for top dressing with 0.5%~1.0% urea solution. In the future, depending on the growth of the plant, the fertilizer will be topdressed 1 or 2 times, and each time the urea is applied 5~7kg/667m2, and the top dressing interval is 10~15 days. When integrated with water and fertilizer, the organic liquid fertilizer with high nitrogen content should be sprayed at appropriate time depending on the growth of the plant. Stop watering 3 to 5 days before harvest.
6.3 cultivating and weeding
Weeding and weeding according to the growth of weeds. For the use of strips, shallow cultivating and weeding shall be carried out between the sowing rows, and then weeding and weeding shall be carried out 1 or 2 times according to the growth of weeds.
7 pest control
The main disease of spinach in Shanghai is downy mildew; the main pests are aphids and leaf miners. In summer and autumn cultivation, attention should also be paid to the prevention and control of underground pests such as tigers and crickets. The prevention and control strategy is based on comprehensive agricultural control and supplemented by drug control.
The comprehensive prevention and control method of downy mildew agriculture is to insist on reasonable arrangement of rotation, clean the pastoral, and select resistant varieties; master the seeding amount when planting, moderately planting, ensure the ventilation and light transmission in the field; ensure the supply of water and fertilizer, cultivate strong seedlings, and strengthen the plants. Prevent disease and disease resistance, reduce the probability of disease occurrence; timely remove the weeds around the garden and remove the yellow plants. The integrated pest control technology uses physical control methods such as insecticidal lamps and yellow plates.
Chemical control should choose low toxicity and low residue pesticides. Downy mildew can be treated with 75% chlorothalonil milk 600 times solution, 50% methyl thiophanate (methyl thiophanate) WP 500 times solution or 50% carbendazim WP 700 times solution spray, every 7 Spray once every 10 days, and spray continuously for 2~3 times. The leaf miner can choose 75% chlorfenapyr wettable powder 2000~3000 times liquid control; the mites can use 36% acetamiprid water dispersible granules 5000~6000 times liquid or 25% thiamethoxam water dispersible granules 2500~3000 Double liquid prevention. Ground tigers, cockroaches, etc., were applied to the noodles with 5% phoxim granules 4~5kg/667m2.
8 timely harvest
Stopping the application of nitrate-containing fertilizer for more than 2 weeks before harvesting, spraying 1~2 times of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer can effectively reduce the oxalic acid content in spinach. When the plant grows to a height of 20~25cm, it can be harvested and harvested. When harvesting, cut it along the ground with a knife and keep the root of 1~2cm.
After harvesting, remove excess outer leaves, yellow leaves, diseased leaves, residual leaves and damaged leaves, remove the unqualified spinach, and then clean the mud stains, impurities, bulk or bundled to market.
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