First, the cultivation process and species characteristics
At present, the strawberry varieties promoted in production are all fruited at the end of 1 year. This is because most of the strawberry varieties have a vernalization stage and must undergo a low temperature period below 5°C for a period of time to break the dormancy and normal flowering results. In northern and central China, most strawberry varieties can successfully pass vernalization and normal flowering results. However, in southern China, especially in Hainan Island, Guangdong, Fujian and southern Guangxi, it is difficult for some varieties to successfully pass the vernalization stage. Therefore, it has greatly limited the promotion of production. It can only be transported from the northern region to strawberry seedlings that have passed the vernalization stage and cultivated in the south, or used artificial indoor cryogenic treatment for a period of time, and then transplanted to outdoor cultivation. This is not only time-consuming and costly, it is not appropriate to promote the use of large areas in production. Therefore, the price of strawberries in the South remains high. In the past few years, China has also introduced four-season strawberries from abroad. However, because the fruits are too small, the output is worthy of promotion. In response to the above problems, the author started using the plant tissue culture technology in 1992 to artificially induce mutation and to select the four seasons of strawberry varieties. After three years of hard work, a large fruit-type four-season strawberry new variety called the winter flower was successfully selected from American strawberry varieties. In order to give full play to the good traits of this variety, to maintain the characteristics of large fruit and high yield, the authors adopted the virus-removing technology of strawberry heat treatment medicated tissue culture in the Department of Biotechnology of China Medical University to obtain the virus-free seedlings, which were batched in batches. Provide production demonstrations throughout the country.
This species has been tested for four consecutive years and has demonstrated no-dormancy (no vernalization), large fruit, sweet taste, and high yield. Under the conditions of open cultivation in Nanjing, planted in September, the first flowering at the end of November result. As long as proper insulation measures are taken, fruits can be harvested during the New Year's Day and Spring Festival. The second flowering result in April of the following year was harvested during the normal fruiting period of the strawberry. The variety has a large fruit size of up to 50 grams, which is similar to the size of an egg, with a yield of 22,500 kg/ha or more. In northern regions, summer temperatures below 30°C can also result in flowering as usual. In short, as long as the strawberry grows to 7-8 leaves and grows for about 100 days, it will be able to raise the flower result. In this way, through the adjustment of cultivation techniques, the growth rate and development stage can be effectively adjusted, and the fruitful results can be achieved in batches throughout the year, evenly supplying market demand, and achieving high economic benefits. In recent years, many fruit farmers have moved south to Hainan Island to use the warm winter climate conditions to produce strawberry fruit to supply the northern market. This fine four-season strawberry variety can be used as the ideal ideal variety.
Second, high-yield cultivation techniques
1, the use of virus-free seedlings is the root of high-yield cultivation
Strawberries are vegetatively propagated crops. Viral diseases are relatively common and aggravate year by year, becoming a major obstacle to the high yield of strawberries. At present, there are no pharmaceuticals to prevent and control. Therefore, European and American countries have now achieved detoxification of strawberry production. China's newly introduced varieties from abroad are all virus-free seedlings, but after 2-3 years of production, due to virus infection, the fruits are getting smaller and smaller, and the yield is greatly reduced. For the winter flower varieties, especially in the southern region, due to the relatively warm local climate, the rapid development and spread of viral diseases, and the speed of infection of viral diseases will be faster than in the north. Therefore, the use of virus-free vaccines will be the basis for high-yield cultivation. .
For this reason, the author carried out the heat treatment of the virus-removing meristem and successfully obtained the virus-free seedlings of the four-season strawberry winter flower and other 10 large-fruited strawberry elite varieties. The detoxification effect reached 100%. The results of multi-point production comparison test showed that the fruit of virus-free seedlings increased significantly, reaching a maximum of 50-80 grams, and the results were long, no abnormal fruit, the plants grew fast, the growth was strong, and the stems and leaves were thick The effect of increasing production is very obvious. Generally, it can produce more than 50% of the non-deleted virus seed of the same variety. Combined with high-yield cultivation techniques, the output can reach 30 tons/ha and the economic benefit can reach 90,000 yuan.
2. The key to high-yield cultivation is to achieve good seed breeding methods
For the winter flower varieties, the following three kinds of strawberry production cultivation techniques can be used in production.
1 Plastic greenhouse promotes cultivation methods. In order to give full play to the excellent characteristics of no-dormancy and early maturation of winter flower, and to raise the selling price of leather raspberries, it is best to invest in the construction of plastic greenhouses, using three membranes (plastic film, dome membrane and greenhouse membrane) and auxiliary heating method to produce strawberries. Strawberries are marketed in winter or early spring. Due to the high selling price, the economic benefits are also high. This kind of production method has a large investment cost. We must carefully choose the species with no dormancy or springness. Such as winter flowers, Fengxiang, Mingbao, sweet miscellaneous, 94 - 3 and Baozaoshengsheng, etc. are appropriate. Winter flower is a large-fruited four-season strawberry without a dormant period, and is particularly suitable for greenhouse cultivation or semi-contribution cultivation. Generally after transplanting in September, it can bloom in November, and it can be listed in December - next January. The earliest result period. In 1998, the results of flowering in plastic greenhouses led to the earliest flowering results of winter flowers, followed by Mingbao, Fengxiang, 94-3, Baozaoshengsheng and Tianzao. As long as the temperature inside the plastic stretch is not lower than 10°C, the humidity control should not be too high. From November to April, continuous results can be obtained for 6 months, and the market is continuously listed, resulting in high economic benefits. In addition, it is also very important to puncture the shed. In order to ensure good growth and development of flower buds on the basis of promoting early and early results. Generally, it is advisable in November-December (North China, Northeast China by the end of October, Central China, Eastern China ll month, South China December). Premature or too late buttoning will affect production.
2 Semi-enclosure cultivation method for simple small arches. The semi-enclosure cultivation of small arch sheds has the advantages of less investment, large profits, simple methods, and easy to grasp technology, and can be strongly advocated and actively promoted in areas with limited economic conditions. This kind of production method adopts the insulation measures of the two membranes (mulch film, dome membrane), which can make the winter flower two times. After transplanting in September, the management of fertilizers and waters will be strengthened immediately to promote growth and development. Then, when the temperature drops below 15°C in October, thermal insulation will be used for the second membrane (plastic film, arch membrane), and the results will be available in January. On the market in the month, due to the poor insulation of the two membranes in January-February, the temperature is too low to continue flowering, and the management of fertilizer and water can be strengthened to allow strawberries to accumulate nutrients and be safe for the winter. In the spring of April to March, the winter flower can be the second flowering result. It was listed on the market in April and May. It was 20-30 days ahead of normal strawberry market, and the selling price was also higher, which can also achieve higher economic benefits. This kind of cultivation method of 2 results in 1 year can only be realized by the winter flower varieties. Other varieties such as Fengxiang, Mingbao, 94-3, Baojiazaosheng, Zaohongguang, Anna, Florida, Fungfung, and Shuofeng, etc. can also adopt semi-contribution cultivation, but they can only flower early in the spring from March to April. .
3 Large-scale cultivation and production methods in the normal season. This is the main mode of strawberry production in China's rural areas. The land with good water and fertilizer conditions is planted in large areas and harvested in normal season. It is marketed every year in May for domestic sales or exports. This cultivation method has a low cost and a large area, which farmers can easily grasp. This cultivation method directly selects varieties with high yield, wide adaptability, large fruit size, and resistance to transportation and disease resistance. The winter flower because of early maturity, large fruit, high yield is an ideal variety. Of course, other large fruit-type virus-free strawberries can also be used. For example, Fengxiang, Mingbao, 94-3, Baojiaoshengsheng, Zaohongguang, Anna, Florida, female peak, and Shuofeng. With this cultivation method, the superior seed quality of winter flowers cannot be fully utilized.
3, planting strong seedlings, timely transplanting
With improved varieties, good methods must be used. After adopting virus-free seedlings from winter flowers, excellent cultivation and seedling techniques should be used in order to achieve high benefits. The virus-free seedlings are relatively delicate in the test tube seedlings, and they are difficult to be used directly in production. They must be cultivated at the seedling stage of detoxification. Virus-free seed breeding and nursery bases shall be established, and the test tube seedlings shall be cultivated into original seedlings, and more shall be produced to provide production applications. In order to cultivate strong seedlings, high levels of fertility should be used. The loam soil with good irrigation and drainage conditions is made into a one-meter-wide loquat, sparsely planted (7500-15000 plants/hectare), and at the same time, mesh enclosures are used to prevent virus infection. The timely removal of flower buds in nursery, only seedlings do not result, after six months to l years can be reproduced in batches of original seedlings for larger area introduction demonstration and production. Similarly, after the introduction of virus-free seedlings, the fruit growers should also take special measures to cultivate and strengthen the seedlings, that is, promptly remove the weeds after the results, remove the weak strains and leave only 1/5 seedlings to reproduce (this is a virus-free generation. Seedlings), excess seedlings can be transplanted with soil to other plots, to achieve the purpose of multi-breeding seedlings. It is better to apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizers and farmyard fertilizers in a timely manner during the breeding process. Using this seedling propagation technique, 50-fold high-quality seedlings can generally be produced for the second year of production or sale. Generate higher benefits. After 3 years of application of the virus-free seedlings, they should be eliminated naturally after 3 generations of seedlings. Due to the cumulative infection of the virus year by year, the virus infection rate has reached 60%, and the advantage of virus elimination in production has been weakened, affecting fruit size and yield to a certain extent. Strawberry transplanting time is mainly determined by local climate conditions. In China's climatic conditions, the northeast and north China are suitable for the month of September. The greenhouses in central and eastern China are promoted to be cultivated in late September and open field cultivation is better in October, and in southern China, November is Suitably, the general principle is early transplanting and early survival, which is beneficial to the growth and development of strawberries. However, if the transplanting is too early, the survival rate of high temperatures will not be worth the loss.
4, using double row high ridge cultivation
According to the high-yielding cultivation pattern of Japanese toxoid 60 tons/cube and the author's practical experience, the double-row high-ridge cultivation method has the advantages of convenient dressing, fruit cleanliness, ease of field management, and high fruit yield, and is worthy of popularization and application. The specific approach is: each ridge width 50 cm, ditch depth 30 cm, ridge planted double rows, row spacing 25 cm, density 90,000 -120 000 plants / hectare, superior fertility land can be slightly more thin, moderate fertility land can be slightly dense some.
5. Apply fertilizer in time to ensure early pre-winter and nutrient for promoting fruit after winter
Strawberries are high-yielding crops that are resistant to fertilizers. In order to ensure the nutrients needed for growth and development, it is important to apply fertilizer in a timely manner in addition to fertilizing enough land to apply sufficient fertilizer. Fertilizer can be divided into three times. 10 days after the first transplanting, 225 kg/ha of compound fertilizer or human fecal urine was used to promote its early rooting. “Before there was a strong seedling, there was a big fruit after the yearâ€; the second time in the spring of the following year After the greenhouse or greenhouse is covered, 300 kg/ha of compound fertilizer is applied in the hole to promote the growth and development of flower buds; the fruit fertilizer is promoted in the 3rd time before and after the flowering period; 375 kg/ha of compound fertilizer or human waste is applied to promote the development of flowers and fruits and promote Big fruit.
6, other technical measures
Based on the implementation of the above five key technologies, the following technical measures can be adopted to further increase production. Flowering period, such as the production of stolons should be removed in time to reduce nutrient consumption; if too many flowers, fruit should be removed in time to remove small branches and weak fruit, usually 10-15 fruits per plant to ensure the growth of nutrients needed for the growth of large fruits Under the shed conditions, attention should be paid to putting bees or artificially assisting pollination in order to increase production. In addition, the use of potassium dihydrogen phosphate with a mass fraction of 0.002 or superphosphate with a mass fraction of 0.02 in the foliar spray would also have the effect of increasing production and income. In the northeast region, attention is paid to frost protection in the winter. In the south, attention is paid to shading and cooling in the summer to ensure safe summers and high quality seedlings. In addition, strawberry should not be used as a continuous crop to reduce pest damage.
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