The average estrus cycle of a sow is approximately 21 days. Normally, once a sow becomes pregnant, she will no longer show signs of heat. Therefore, breeders can begin monitoring from around day 18 post-mating. If the sow does not come into heat for about a week, it may be an early indication that she is pregnant. Externally, a pregnant sow often exhibits certain behavioral and physical changes. She may appear less active, have a stronger appetite, gain weight more easily, and display smooth, shiny fur. Her temperament tends to become calmer, and her movements are more steady. The tail and vulva may also appear tighter compared to non-pregnant sows. Observing these signs can help confirm pregnancy. Another method involves urine testing. After mating, collect 10 ml of morning urine from the sow between days 28 and 30. Place it in a transparent, heat-resistant glass and add a few drops of vinegar. Then, add a few drops of iodine and gently heat the mixture over low heat. If the urine turns red, it suggests the sow is pregnant. If the color is light yellow or brownish green and fades quickly when cooled, it likely means the sow is not pregnant. Hormone injection testing is another approach. Around day 28 to 30 after mating, inject the sow with 3–4 ml of estradiol benzoate or progesterone. If she no longer shows interest in mating and her genitalia remain unswollen, this indicates she is likely pregnant. For rectal examination, the process begins with the sow standing upright. A warm enema of 500–2000 ml is administered to clear the intestines. After about 20 days of pregnancy, the uterine arteries may show a pulsating motion. By manually feeling the uterus, the breeder can detect this vibration, which is a sign of pregnancy. Non-pregnant sows typically do not show this sensation. An ultrasonic inspection is a highly accurate method. The sow is placed on her side in the pen, and the probe is positioned on the upper part of the last rib or the abdominal wall between the second pair of teats. The probe should face toward the pelvic inlet. Fetal heartbeats or fetal blood flow can be detected as early as 21 days post-mating, with diagnostic accuracy reaching up to 95% by day 25. By day 30, this method can identify pregnancy in 100% of cases. This technique is widely used due to its reliability and non-invasive nature.

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