The average estrus cycle of a sow typically lasts around 21 days. Normally, once a sow becomes pregnant, she will no longer show signs of heat. Therefore, it is common to start observing for pregnancy signs approximately 18 days after mating. If the sow does not come into heat for about a week, it may be an early indication that she is pregnant. Externally, a pregnant sow often exhibits certain behavioral and physical changes. She may appear more sluggish, have a stronger appetite, gain weight more easily, display smoother skin, become calmer, move more steadily, and show a tight tail and vaginal area. If these signs are observed, it is likely that the sow is pregnant. Another method involves examining the sow's urine. After mating, collect 10 ml of morning urine from the sow between 28 to 30 days post-mating. Place the urine in a transparent, heat-resistant glass, add a few drops of vinegar, then add iodine and gently heat it over low fire. If the urine turns red, it indicates pregnancy. However, if it remains light yellow or brownish green and quickly loses color when cooled, the sow is likely not pregnant. Hormone injection testing can also be used. Injecting 3 to 4 ml of either estradiol benzoate or progesterone into the sow 28 to 30 days after mating can help determine pregnancy. If the sow no longer shows interest in mating and her genitalia do not swell, this suggests she is pregnant. A rectal examination is another technique. First, the sow is restrained and given a warm enema with 500 to 2000 ml of water to clear the intestines. After about 20 days of pregnancy, the uterine arteries begin to show a pulsating motion. By manually palpating the uterus, a veterinarian or breeder can feel this vibration, which is a sign of pregnancy. In non-pregnant sows, there is no such sensation. Ultrasonic inspection is a modern and highly accurate method. The sow is placed on her side in the pen, and the ultrasound probe is positioned on the upper part of the penultimate rib or the abdominal wall between the second pair of teats. The probe should face the entrance of the pelvis. Fetal heartbeats or fetal blood flow can be detected as early as 21 days post-mating, with diagnostic accuracy reaching up to 95% by day 25. For sows mated for more than 30 days, the presence of fetal sounds and blood tones can be confirmed in 100% of cases. These methods, whether traditional or modern, provide breeders with reliable ways to determine pregnancy in sows, helping them manage breeding programs effectively.

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