Silage is a kind of succulent feed produced by lactic acid bacteria breeding and fermentation under anaerobic conditions in a silage or silage bag. It is rich in nutrients and has a special wine flavor. All kinds of livestock prefer to eat, which is beneficial to long-term Save and solve the shortage of winter and spring Green feed. Feed silage, the method is simple, it is worth farmers to promote the use, is conducive to better open up feed sources, improve the economic benefits of breeding.
First, the principle of feed silage
Silage is to put the feed in a closed environment and require suitable temperature and humidity so that the lactic acid bacteria can multiply, and the starch and soluble sugar in the feed can be turned into lactic acid. When lactic acid accumulates to a certain degree of agriculture, it inhibits the growth of mold and other bacteria, so that the nutrients in the feed will not spoil and deteriorate, which is conducive to the long-term preservation of feed. After silage, the green and tender feed is fresh, has high Nutritional value, enhances palatability, is easy to digest, stimulates the intestinal tract, and greatly improves its digestibility.
Second, the raw materials suitable for silage
1. Raw materials that are easy to silage. Such as Corn , sorghum, Sweet Potato , sunflower, oats and so on. The sugar content of these raw materials is generally higher than the minimum required sugar content (2% sugar). It is generally appropriate to use corn stalks at the late stage of milk ripening or the early stage of yellow ripening.
2. Raw materials that are difficult to silage. The stems and leaves of leguminous plants such as Peanut vines, milk vetch, sassafras, clover, soybeans, peas, scorpions, and potatoes contain less sugar, which is not conducive to the propagation of lactic acid bacteria, and should be compatible with other silage grasses. Mixed silage.
3. Raw materials that cannot be silted separately. Such as squash vines, watermelon vines, Melon vines, and tomato stems and leaves, such raw materials, very little sugar, silage alone is not easy to succeed, only with other silage easily mixed materials or additives, etc. can be successful.
Third, feed silage conditions
1. Suitable for stress temperature. The silage process requires that the temperature inside the silage equipment does not exceed 25-30 °C.
2. The appropriate water content. The optimum moisture content for lactic acid bacteria breeding activities is 65% to 75%. Excessively high water content has negative effects on the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria.
3. The appropriate amount of sugar. Lactic acid bacteria decompose sugars to lactic acid during growth and reproduction, so sugar is the main raw material for the formation of lactic acid.
4. An oxygen-free environment. Lactic acid bacteria grow and reproduce in an oxygen-free environment, producing large amounts of lactic acid, while other microorganisms such as caseobacteria, molds, and most saprophytic bacteria can only develop and reproduce under aerobic conditions.
Fourth, feed silage method
1. Plastic bags on the ground storage method. A non-toxic polyethylene plastic film 0.8 to 1 mm thick is used to make a pocket with a diameter of 1 meter and a length of 1.66 meters. Each bag can hold about 250 kilograms of short corn stalks. Before loading, fill the bottom two corners of the bag with a small amount of raw materials, and then press in layers to fill the bags and stack them. The silage method has less labor, low cost, simple method and convenient feeding, and is suitable for one household silage.
2. The silo method inside the plastic bag. First, a circular cellar is dug, the prepared plastic bag is placed in the pit, and then the material is filled and sealed tightly after being filled with raw materials. The advantage of this silage method is that the plastic bag is not easy to break and leak into the water.
3. Cement pool silage method. Using cement, yellow sand, and brick as raw materials, cement pools are built on the ground or on the ground, and chopped silage materials are sealed in the pool. The advantage is that it is not easy to enter the water in the pool and is durable and has a high success rate.
4. Silo silage method. Choose a place with high topography, good soil quality, dry sunny, easy drainage, low groundwater level, close to the barn, convenient access, dig a rectangular or circular crypt in accordance with the reserve, and cover the bottom of the cellar with a layer of plastic film. , And then load, fill with a layer of plastic cloth after filling with raw materials, and then seal the soil. This method has a large reserve of feed and low cost.
5. Silage tower method: Large silage farms with good general conditions can build cylindrical silo towers with bricks and stones next to the livestock houses. 2.5 meters in diameter and 6-9 meters in height, the tower body can expose 2/3 of the ground, and can store 650-700 kilograms of food per cubic meter.
Five, silage production points
1. Timely harvesting of silage materials. Corn that is generally grown for silage is required to be harvested at the late stage of milk ripening. The stems and leaves are smashed together with the corn ear for silage; after harvesting the ear, silage with their straws is required to be harvested when the corn ear is ripe and the stems and leaves are still green. Sweet potato pods and potato pods are required to seize silage 2 to 3 days before the frost falls; grasses are required to be harvested at the heading stage: leguminous pastures should be harvested at the initial flowering stage or flowering stage; wild apples and wild vegetables harvested during vigorous growth seasons; .
2. The raw material is cut short. The silage material must be chopped, which is conducive to packing compaction. At the same time, since the raw material is cut short, a portion of the juice can be discharged quickly, which is beneficial to the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria. Generally rougher and stiffer to cut into 2.5 to 2 cm is appropriate, light soft and soft raw material cut into 4 to 5 cm is better.
3. Adjust the moisture content. Excessively high water content in the feed is not conducive to silage, affecting quality. The judgment method is to hold the short raw material by hand so as to ooze the moisture without falling down to a moderate degree. If the water content of the feed is too high, it should be properly air-dried, or be mixed with a suitable amount of raw materials with less water content; when the water content is low, an appropriate amount of fresh water can be evenly sprayed or mixed with some juicy feed.
4. Press firmly. Silage raw materials should be pressed firmly in layers. Fill layer by layer, and step on compaction. General equipment is compacted about 33 centimeters or so, step by step from the center to the central, long cellar can be used to roll back and forth rolling stone, the silage material compacted, so that the air discharged as much as possible, resulting in an oxygen-deficient environment conducive to the proliferation of lactic acid bacteria.
5. Strictly sealed. The silage is filled in layers and compacted and compacted, which means that the silo is sealed in time. It can be used to cover thin film mud, seal soil tightly, dig trenches, and repair joints in a timely manner to ensure strict airtightness and create an oxygen-free environment.
Six, commonly used silage additives
1. Additives that promote lactic acid fermentation. Silage is mainly produced by large-scale propagation of lactic acid bacteria, which promotes fermentation to produce large amounts of lactic acid, lowers the pH value to below 4.2, and inhibits the growth of mold and spoilage bacteria, thereby producing high-quality silage. For example, lactic acid bacteria combined biological preparations, molasses in the silage plus 4% to 5%, glucose added 1% to 2%, crushed grain added 10%. The addition of amylases and cellulases is preferably about 0.05%.
2. Anti-corrosion additives. Adding formic acid from 1% to 2% per ton of silage can increase lactic acid content; or add 0.1% polyformic acid; add 4 to 8 liters of ton of silage raw material when formaldehyde solution is used; formic acid and formaldehyde can be used together it is good. A ratio of 1.2 to 2 corresponds to 0.2% to 0.5% formaldehyde added with dry matter, 0.5% to 0.7% formic acid, or 1.5 kg of benzoic acid per ton of silage material, or 0.5% to 0.6% of propanoic acid 3 to 5 liters , Or corn silage add 0.1% sorbic acid.
3. Improve the nutritional value of silage additives. The urea can be weighed in 0.3% to 0.5% of the weight of the silage material or 0.35% to 4% of the silage in the silage method by dry spreading.
Seven, silage quality appraisal
The quality of silage is closely related to the silage material cutting time and silage technology. The silage stored in the silo is usually fermented in about 30 days, and it can be used. Silage quality evaluation before feeding to assess its feed value. Silage good feed, smell sweet and sour, green color, no other smell, pH (pH) is maintained at 3.8 to 4.5, silage to get loose hands, soft texture and slightly moist, can see the veins on the stems and leaves And hairy hair.
8. Feeding of silage
1. Take the method. After 35 to 40 days of silage, the cellar can be used, or it can be used in winter or spring. Open the circular cellar can first remove all the top soil, open the plastic film. According to the amount of feed intake per day of the livestock. Generally only take a layer of 7 cm per day. When you take it, you should use it in a flat layer. You cannot dig in and pick it up. Layered from top to bottom, the top of the cellar is covered with a plastic film.
2. Feeding of silage. The amount of silage to be fed should take into account the type and quality of silage, the type of diet, livestock species, physiological status, and age. General production practice can refer to the following feeding amount (kg/day/head): 15 to 20 cows, 9 to 20 cattle, 10 to 20 cattle, 10 to 20 beef cattle, 5 to 10 horses, 3 to pregnant pigs 6, Sow 2 to 5 for sows, 2 to 3 for suckling pigs, 1 to 3 for bred pigs, 12 to 14 for fattening cattle (early 2 years old), 5 to 7 for fattening cattle (late stage), 5 to 9 for calves (early stage) Yak (later) 4 to 5, sheep 5 to 8, rabbits 0.2 to 0.5.
IX. Precautions for Feeding Silage
1. Livestock that are not eaten at the beginning of feeding should be fed less, or the upper layer should be given hay or green fodder, and the lower layer should be fed with silage or fed on an empty stomach to allow them to gradually adapt.
2. Mildew green feed affects the health of the carcass, and it is easy to cause miscarriage. It should be discarded and not fed.
3. If the silage acidity is too large, it can be treated with 1%~2% lime water, rinsed and fed to reduce the acidity and increase the palatability.
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