I. Characteristics of navel orange varieties
1. Morphological characteristics: strong tree vigor, relatively open tree posture, medium sprouting force, strong branching force, 3 to 4 times per year, shoots with inconspicuous short spines; leaf blade oval, blunt Round, dark green leaves; strong flowering ability, usually single flowers, deep calyx, stigma dimples, male sterility, a few flowers are umbels.
2. Phenophase: Bud germination period in early March, spring shoot growth period from mid-March to early April, summer shoot growth period from early May to early July, autumn shoot growth period from late July to early September; budding period 3 From the beginning of the month to the beginning of April, flowering period around the end of April; the first physiological fruiting period in the middle and late April, the second physiological fruiting period from the middle of May to the middle of June; fruit from the end of December to the beginning of the following year, and the beginning of February Mature, hanging trees to better quality from March to April.
3. Result habits: Generally the spring shoots and the early autumn shoots are the result of the mother shoots.
Fruit traits: Long-navel orange fruit oval, no child, the fruit top slightly convex, smooth peel, orange, yellow umbilicus, closed umbilical, single fruit mass of about 250g, soluble solids content of 12.4%, fruit scent, delicate fruit, The slag has a high degree of flavor and a stronger flavor.
4. The main advantages
The maturity of most navel orange varieties is concentrated in November-December, while Nen-Reon Navel orange is listed in April, which is the fruit off-season and has obvious market advantages.
The long fruit growth period is long, nutrient accumulation is sufficient, the taste is sweet, the slag is good, and the aroma is rich.
5. Some deficiencies
Late orange navel orange, need to hang trees over the winter, the winter temperature requirements of the cultivation area is relatively high.
The amount of navel orange blossoms is large, but the flower quality is poor, and the fruit setting rate is low. If the fruit protection measures are not effective, it is likely to cause a large number of flowering and fruit drop.
The large-fruit pomace with a diameter of 80 mm or more has more slag, does not cause slag, and is also prone to dryness. In addition, cracking phenomenon is also serious.
Second, the late navel orange planting technology
1. Construction requirements
The late navel orange has relatively high requirements for fertilizer, water, temperature, and light conditions. Generally, it should be built in the hilly areas below the northern latitude 24.5 and 300m above sea level, such as the Three Gorges reservoir area, southern Jiangxi, southern Guangxi and other citrus production areas.
The orchard should be built in the middle of the mountainous area, facing south to the north to minimize the occurrence of frost damage. Loose, deep, fertile and slightly acidic soil conditions are preferred.
2. Colonization management
When earthworms are used as rootstocks and seedlings are planted in open field, seedlings are planted 4 to 6 months later and large seedlings are planted with soil. Planting time is optional from late February to mid-March.
Highly grafted plants should be selected to have a tree age of 20 years or less, a robust tree growth, no pest damage, and a tree with strong affinity for plant species. Spring, autumn, and spring are selected in March to April, and autumn in late August to early October.
3. Fertilizer management
Sapling Fertilization: Fertilizers are applied from late February to early March. Nitrogen fertilizers are mainly used in conjunction with sea elf biostimulators. Top dressings are topped during the growing season. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are the main fertilizers. The tip of the sea before the sea elves biological stimulants; hot or dry season, little or no, in order to prevent burning root; the last top-dressing control was applied before mid-September, to prevent late autumn shoots, frost damage occurred.
Results Tree fertilization: Spring bud fertilizer was applied 7 to 10 days before germination, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were mainly available. Strong fruit fertilizer was applied in the middle and early July, fertilizer was mainly potash fertilizer, and nitrogen fertilizer was applied; wintering fertilizer was 10 Applied in November, mainly organic fertilizer, phosphorus, potash fertilizer, pay attention to supplement the trace element fertilizer.
Moisture Management: Navel orange needs water for a long time, but moderate water control before fruit ripening helps to increase sugar content and improve quality. Specific measures, first, water control, navel orange leaves slightly wilting, that is, daytime leaf micro-volume, night and early morning leaf, generally lasted 7 to 10 days, can increase fruit sugar content. The second is to ditch and drain moisture to make the soil dry properly, which will help increase the sugar content of the fruit.
4. Pruning
Saplings: In order to cultivate the canopy, the natural shape of the tree is used for shaping, the tree-shaped culture is mainly for pulling branches, and the branches are moderately shortened, topping, and the branching is promoted.
The dry height is about 50cm, and there are 3 to 4 main branches. The distribution on the trunk is patchwork. The branching branch angle of the main branch is 30-50, and 2 to 3 secondary branching branches are arranged on each main branch. Generally after the formation of the third main branch, the central stem is cut or twisted to one side as the result branch group.
Result tree: Pay attention to pruning and control the tip of the tree. The spring shoots and the autumn shoots are mainly bred. The obstructive branches affecting the light should be removed, and the erect vigorous branches and legged branches should be cut off to avoid overshooting and affecting the next year. Stay with mediocre branches.
The summer shoots are dominated by shoots, all summer shoots are wiped out, or the summer and autumn shoots that were pumped in the year are used to adjust the annual output of the shoots through short cuts to prevent the size and annual results.
Before the autumn shoot was placed, heavy pruning was performed. The major branch pruning technique was the main method, and the result was a timely retraction of the branch group, the falling fruit branch group and the decay branch group. On the more crowded backbones, appropriate "clear windows" are used to cut the light and introduce light into the inner canopy. In addition to the resulting shoots, the branches affecting the ventilation and light transmission were removed, and the branches, retrograde branches, overlapped branches, dead branches, diseased branches and the like were cut off.
5. Flower and fruit management
Due to the appropriate conditions of the tree, in the years when the tree body has a large amount of flowers, thinning and fruit thinning can be carried out, and the amount of flowers and fruits can be reasonably adjusted to ensure the uniformity of the fruit and improve the quality.
6. Fruit wintering
In the event of drought in winter, the leaves appear wilting, and the orchard is irrigated once every 10 to 15 days. When irrigating, one-time irrigation and irrigation are to be done, and the tree trays should be covered and protected in time.
Due to the low temperature in winter, navel oranges are prone to fruit drop and should be sprayed to protect the fruit. Generally sprayed twice 2,4-D, for the first time in the color conversion period of navel orange fruit, that is, from the end of October to early November, the spraying concentration is 20~30 mg/kg; the second time every 30 days, the concentration is 30 ~40 mg/kg. According to the amount of drug concentration in the rain at that time, the concentration may be increased or decreased. The concentration of rain is slightly higher, and the concentration of rain is slightly lower.
Low temperature in winter can cause the fruit to be frozen, and long-term low temperature can easily lead to fruit drop and fruit granulation and low water. Should do a good job of antifreeze measures to prevent freezing of fruit. Can be used to protect against overwintering fruits with measures such as canopy mulching or single fruit bagging, ground coating (grass) and other measures.
7. Fruit bagging
Bagging can prevent pests and birds from damaging the fruit, reduce wind damage, and prevent fruit rust and fruit cracking and sunburn.
The bagging period is appropriate from the end of June to the beginning of July after the physiological drop. Before bagging, navel orange should be sprayed one or two times according to the occurrence of pests and diseases. Normal and robust fruits should be selected for bagging after spraying.
The fruit bag should be selected from the special navel orange bags that are resistant to wind, rain, and air permeability, and suitable for single-layer bags. Pick bags 15 to 20 days before fruit picking to increase fruit color.
8. Pest control
The most recent diseases of navel orange are ulcer disease, anthrax, resin disease, etc. The insect pests mainly include red spider, rust mite, leaf leaf moth, whitefly, and scale insects.
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