Nantun Village, located in Gangtun Town, is nestled at the foot of Hongluo Mountain, approximately 30 kilometers northwest of Lianshan District in Huludao City. Surrounded by a river and situated on sandy loam soil, the village benefits from abundant water resources and convenient transportation, making it ideal for greenhouse grape cultivation. Since 1998, Southland Village has been developing greenhouse grapes, and by 2002, there were 30 households cultivating 40 greenhouses covering 35 acres. The average yield per greenhouse reached 2000–2500 kg, with an annual net income of 1.5–2 million yuan per mu, proving the economic viability of this agricultural practice. Below are the key techniques used in the cultivation process.
I. Greenhouse Facilities
In Nantun Village, vertical and horizontal micro-arc plastic solar greenhouses are primarily used for grape production. These greenhouses face south, with a span of 7–8 meters, a height of 2.8–3 meters, and a front wall height of 1.2–1.5 meters. The back wall reaches 2 meters, and the slope of the light surface ranges between 14–16.5 degrees. Each greenhouse is typically 60–100 meters long. Bamboo and wooden structures support the framework, with three pillars—front, middle, and rear—placed along the east-west direction. Cross beams run between the pillars, with bamboo rods spaced every 60–80 cm and covered with plastic film. The film is secured between the ridge and the ventilation window to ensure proper insulation and air circulation.
II. Variety Selection
Kyoho is one of the most commonly cultivated grape varieties. It features an average ear weight of 400–600 grams, with individual berries weighing 11–12 grams. The fruit is oval or nearly round, with dark purple skin and soft, juicy flesh. The sugar content ranges from 15–16%, and the acidity is about 0.7%. The growing period lasts around 135 days, making it suitable for early harvests.
III. Cultivation Techniques
Planting is done once a year, with fruit harvested in the second year after planting. Seedlings are removed and replaced as needed. Rows are arranged north-south, with double-wall hedgerows and a narrow row spacing of 2.5 meters and plant spacing of 50 cm. Trenches are dug before planting, measuring 80–100 cm wide and 50 cm deep. A generous amount of decomposed organic fertilizer (about 4000 kg per mu) is mixed with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.
Planting occurs in mid-April to early May when the ground temperature reaches 10°C or higher. Healthy, disease-free one-year-old seedlings are planted in sheds, with approximately 800 plants per acre. In the second and fourth years, seedlings are transplanted into nutrient bags. After harvesting in May–June, the garden is cleared, and the seedlings are moved back into the greenhouse.
Soil and fertilizer management involve watering immediately after planting, followed by loosening the soil once it's not too sticky. Plastic mulch is then applied. When the seedlings reach 40 cm, top dressing begins with compound fertilizer every 50 days, and foliar sprays are applied 2–3 times. From early September to early fall, 4000 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer is added per mu.
Irrigation should be adjusted based on soil moisture, climate, and plant growth. Watering is done once during warming, before flowering, after flowering, during fruit enlargement, and during coloring. Pruning involves allowing only one vigorous shoot to grow per plant, which is then trained and pruned as needed. In August, new shoots are cut back, and in autumn, each plant is left with one main vine, pruned to 1.5–2 meters.
During the bud growth phase, thin and complex buds are removed, leaving only the central buds. Each main vine is left with 5–10 result branches, each bearing 8–10 leaves. Inflorescences are topped to leave 5–6 leaves, while nutrition leaves are topped to leave 4–5 leaves. Shoot tips are pruned, and tendrils are removed promptly.
Heating begins after 120 days of low temperature, typically in late October. The film is covered to maintain temperatures below 7°C. After 120 days, the temperature is gradually increased, and lime nitrogen is applied 15–20 days before warming. This helps promote earlier germination.
Flower and fruit management includes spraying a 0.2% borax solution before flowering. After 10–15 days, weak inflorescences are thinned out, leaving 4–6 spikes per plant. A mixture of ethephon and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is used to enhance fruit development.
Temperature, humidity, and light are carefully controlled. During germination, daytime temperatures are kept at 20°C, and nighttime temperatures at 5–10°C. As the season progresses, temperatures are adjusted accordingly. Humidity levels are maintained at 90% during germination, 60% before flowering, 50% during flowering, and 50–60% during fruit enlargement and ripening.
Light is maximized by keeping the greenhouse film clean and free of obstructions. Ventilation is essential for gas exchange, ensuring good air circulation without compromising temperature control.
Pest control measures include cleaning and burning plant debris after pruning. Leaves and tendrils are regularly removed to improve airflow and light penetration. Before budding, 3–5 degree lime sulfur is applied to eliminate pathogens. Fungicides like carbendazim, kelp, and chlorothalonil are used to prevent diseases such as gray mold, downy mildew, and anthracnose.
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