The selection of high-quality dairy cattle involves using black-and-white cows, Jerseys, and other large, fast-growing, and highly adaptable hybrid breeds. These cross-bred cows have shown remarkable improvements in milk yield, with production increasing by 80% to 200% compared to traditional dairy cows. Additionally, their milk fat content has risen by 0.4% to 2%.
Currently, domestic dairy cows produce around 4 to 5 tons of milk annually, while in many developed countries, this figure exceeds 10 tons per cow. To achieve such high yields, feeding practices must be optimized. Concentrates rich in protein and energy—such as cottonseed meal, rapeseed cake, fishmeal, and corn—are essential for balanced nutrition. For example, feeding cows 1.8 kg of cottonseed meal daily can boost milk production to 3.14 kg, while adding 0.75 kg of fishmeal during lactation can increase output by 1.36 kg.
Feed is often given as porridge, with cold porridge in summer and warm porridge in winter. However, high-yielding cows are more prone to mastitis and foot rot, so careful attention must be paid to the balance of concentrates and the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in their diet. Green feed, including grasses like ryegrass, pine vanilla, tender citrus leaves, and other succulent plants, is also crucial as it provides vitamins and minerals. In late summer and early autumn, mixing 50 kg of corn stalks, 0.2–0.5 kg of salt, and 75–180 kg of water for silage can significantly enhance milk production.
High-quality green forage remains a key factor in achieving high yields. Many farms in Guangdong now use imported ryegrass, hybrid pennisetum, and sweet corn for their high protein and sugar content. Feed additives such as sodium humate, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, cobalt chloride, and potassium iodide help compensate for nutritional deficiencies. Adding 1.5% sodium humate to the diet increased milk production by 1.7% and milk fat by 10.5%, while adding specific mineral compounds to silage boosted milk yield by over 10%.
According to international studies, feeding 100 grams of baking soda daily during lactation can advance the milk peak and increase production by 30%. Light exposure also plays a critical role in milk production. Extending daylight hours to 16 hours per day improved milk yield by 10–30% compared to naturally lit cows in winter. Regular exercise, such as allowing cows to move freely for an hour each morning, helps improve overall health and reduce calving complications.
Proper milking techniques, including washing the udder with warm water (45–50°C) and massaging from top to bottom, can stimulate milk flow and increase production by 10–20%. Mechanical milking requires strict hygiene to prevent mastitis, with uniform machine speed and individual disinfection of each cow. Clean feed and water, dry and well-ventilated barns, regular brushing, and disease monitoring are all essential for maintaining cow health. Annual hoof trimming, proper breeding timing, and the use of insecticides after calving further support herd management.
Disease prevention, especially for bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, mastitis, and foot rot, should be prioritized through regular inspections and treatments. By implementing these comprehensive strategies, dairy farms can maximize productivity while ensuring the long-term health and well-being of their animals.
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