Dairy farming relies on the careful selection of high-quality cattle breeds, such as black-and-white cows and Jerseys, which are known for their large size, fast growth, strong adaptability, and superior milk quality. Crossbreeding these breeds has proven to significantly boost milk production, with hybrid dairy cows producing 80% to 200% more milk than traditional breeds, while also increasing milk fat content by 0.4% to 2%. In China, average milk yields per cow are around 4 to 5 tons annually, whereas in many foreign countries, this number exceeds 10 tons.
To support this high yield, feeding practices focus on nutrient-rich concentrates that provide balanced protein and energy. High-protein options like cottonseed meal, rapeseed cake, fishmeal, and corn are commonly used. For example, feeding cows 1.8 kg of cottonseed meal daily can increase milk yield by 3.14 kg, while adding 0.75 kg of fishmeal during lactation can raise milk production by 1.36 kg. These feeds are often mixed into porridge, with cold porridge served in summer and warm porridge in winter.
However, high-yielding cows are more prone to health issues like mastitis and foot rot. Therefore, it's crucial to maintain a proper balance of concentrates, as well as ensure the right calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in their diet. Green feed, rich in vitamins and minerals, is also essential. Feeds like ryegrass, pine vanilla, tender citrus leaves, and green foliage should be provided in sufficient quantities. During late summer and early autumn, a mix of 50 kg of corn stalks, 0.2 to 0.5 kg of salt, and 75 to 180 kg of water can be fermented into silage, greatly improving milk output.
High-quality forages, such as imported ryegrass, hybrid pennisetum, and sweet corn, are widely used in Guangdong’s dairy farms. Feed additives, including minerals like potassium, sodium, and calcium, are also important. Adding 1.5% sodium humate to the base diet increased milk production by 1.7% and milk fat by 10.5%. Similarly, adding copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, cobalt chloride, and potassium iodide to silage can boost milk yield by over 10%.
According to foreign studies, feeding 100 grams of baking soda daily during lactation can advance the milk peak and increase production by 30%. Light exposure also plays a key role—extending daylight hours to 16 hours per day during winter can improve milk yield by 10% to 30%. Regular exercise, such as an hour of movement each morning or free roaming in the barn, helps prevent dystocia and improves overall health.
Proper milking techniques are vital. Washing the udder with warm water (45–50°C), massaging from top to bottom, and milking efficiently for about 10 minutes can boost milk yield by 10% to 20%. When using mechanical milking, strict hygiene and uniform operation are necessary to prevent mastitis.
Maintaining clean feed and water, keeping the barn dry and cool, regular brushing, and disease monitoring are all critical. Annual hoof trimming, timely breeding, and the use of insecticides after calving help reduce disease risks. Effective management of mastitis, dystocia, and foot rot is essential for long-term productivity and herd health.
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