Before the birth of a calf, it's essential to prepare all necessary equipment and supplies such as disinfectants, iodine, gauze, towels, Thermometers, stethoscopes, and obstetric ropes. Ensure that the cow’s hindquarters are clean and hygienic before labor begins. Wash the vulva, tail area, and surrounding regions with warm, clean towels. Secure the cow’s tail to prevent movement during the process. Then, thoroughly clean the hindquarters using a disinfectant solution and allow the cow to rest in a quiet, dry, and clean delivery area to ensure comfort during the birthing process.
It is important to monitor the signs of labor, as cows often give birth at night. Therefore, increasing night shifts for supervision is crucial. Most dairy cows will naturally deliver without intervention, especially when the "three parts" (the lips and two hooves) appear at the vulva. At this stage, avoid excessive interference and let the cow give birth on its own unless complications arise.
When the fetus is visible, check if the amniotic sac is intact. If it hasn't ruptured, carefully tear the membrane to expose the nose and mouth of the calf, then gently clear the nostrils and oral cavity to help the newborn breathe. Avoid tearing the amniotic membrane too early, as this can lead to premature loss of amniotic fluid. Always follow proper procedures during the delivery, and if assistance is needed, use caution—especially in cases of narrow birth canals or first-time calvers. Apply gentle traction only to avoid damaging the cow’s reproductive tract.
Timing is critical during the birthing process. Do not attempt to assist the cow before the amniotic sac has ruptured or the cervix is fully dilated. Once the water breaks, delivery should occur within one hour. When the calf is born, quickly and carefully pull it out. If the calf is in an abnormal position, take time to correct it gently to avoid injury to both the cow and the calf.
After birth, closely observe the cow’s condition and the passage of the placenta. Keep an eye on the cow’s posture to prevent uterine prolapse. If uterine ectropion occurs, it must be addressed immediately—either by manually repositioning the uterus, administering sedatives, or suturing the vulva if necessary. For cows showing signs of retained placenta, inject oxytocin within five minutes of birth to encourage the expulsion of the placenta as soon as possible.
Once the calf is born, apply iodine to the umbilical cord to prevent infection. Tie off the cord and keep it clean. For yaks, make sure their soft soles are free from debris and place them in a warm, safe, and clean environment. In hot weather, protect the calf from heat stress. Encourage the calf to nurse from its mother within the first week to boost immunity. After each feeding, sterilize the milk containers and wipe any remaining milk from the calf’s mouth with a sterile cloth to prevent disease transmission through licking.
After delivery, feed the cow with warm brown sugar water and warm bran brine to help her recover. Replace any soiled bedding promptly. During the first few days after calving, if the cow is suckling, high-producing cows should not have all their milk removed at once. Removing too much milk can cause a sudden drop in udder pressure, leading to postpartum paralysis or even death. On the first day, only express about 2 kilograms of milk to allow the calf to nurse. The next day, reduce to 1/3 of the total, then 1/2 on the third day, and fully milk out starting from the fourth day. For low-producing cows or those without a full udder, milk can be expressed on the first day after birth to support the calf.
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