1. Some controversy about caffeine
The same is caffeine, the consumer's mentality is different. People agree with the purchase of tea, coffee, and various types of tea drinks. Although caffeine is included in these drinks, consumers have few safety concerns. But for the caffeine ingredients added to the drink, many people think that it is unsafe to drink too much.
It is also very controversial for experts to drink coffee containing caffeine. Many experts now disapprove of the effects of caffeine on the human body, especially the lack of support for children to consume caffeine.
2, glutamine properties and functions
2.1 Properties of glutamine
L-Glutamine is a neutral amino acid having an alpha-amino group and a readily hydrolyzable terminal acylamino group. L-Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in mammalian plasma; it is the carrier of ammonia synthesis in the kidney and nitrogen synthesis in the liver; it is the scavenger of ammonia in cells and biosynthesis of many important substances such as nucleic acids, A donor of amino acids and amino acids.
2.1.1 Comparison of physical properties
Name caffeine glutamine
Molecular formula C8H10N4O2 C5H10N2O3
Appearance white or hexagonal prismatic crystal, white crystal or crystalline powder
Taste has a strong bitter taste and odorless, slightly sweet
Solubility is less than 0.5% at room temperature, 25 degrees Celsius, 4.25%
Melting point 238 ° C 185 ° C
2.1.2 Comparison of functional characteristics
Caffeine: the function of protecting the blood vessels of the heart; refreshing the mind; anti-depression; controlling weight; promoting digestion; diuresis; improving constipation; relieving pain; enhancing body agility; reducing the chance of gallstones.
Glutamine: cures ulcers of digestive organs; relieves liver and protects liver; improves brain function, enhances brain cell function; improves immunity, fights cancer; relieves fatigue, prevents muscle aging, anti-aging; antidepressant, maintains and supports glutathione Peptide - an antioxidant.
2.1.3, comparison of metabolic properties
Caffeine: Decomposed in the liver to produce three primary metabolites, paraxanthine (84%), theobromine (12%), and theophylline (4%). Caffeine is completely absorbed by the stomach and small intestine within 45 minutes after ingestion. After absorption, it will be separated from the organs used in the body. The half-life of caffeine in healthy adults is approximately 3-4 hours. It is eventually excreted from the urine.
Glutamine: mainly regulated by L-glutamine synthetase and L-glutaminase. The former catalyzes the synthesis of glutamic acid (salt) and ammonia L-glutamine, mainly in skeletal muscle and brain tissue; the latter catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-glutamine to glutamic acid and ammonia, mainly in some rapid proliferation and differentiation. Cells, such as mucosal cells, lymphocytes and endothelial cells. The half-life is 67 ± 13 min. Intestinal supplementation of 14C-labeled glutamine, 81% of 14C in 96h was excreted by the breath, and 4% was excreted by the kidney
2.1.4, security comparison
Caffeine: High doses of caffeine are a drug that causes "caffeine poisoning." Includes addiction and physical psychological reactions such as nervousness, irritability, anxiety, tremors, muscle twitching, insomnia and palpitations. High doses can cause peptic ulcers, erosive esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ingestion of a very large amount of caffeine can result in death (about 150-200 mg / kg body weight).
Glutamine: As a nutritional supplement, glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which accounts for 25% of free amino acids in extracellular fluids and 60% of free amino acids in intracellular fluids, mainly in skeletal muscle. Under stress conditions such as poor disease, poor nutritional status, or high-intensity exercise, the body's demand for glutamine increases, so that its own synthesis cannot meet the needs.
2.1.5, comparison of laws and regulations
Caffeine: The state lists caffeine as a psychotropic drug and uses it as a food additive in food. In Taiwan, the caffeine grading system was introduced on August 1, 2006, requiring the content of caffeine to be indicated by color difference.
Glutamine: as a nutritional supplement, flavoring flavoring agent. It is used in medicine to treat digestive organ ulcers, alcoholism and improve brain function. GB2760 food additive use standard, which stipulates that glutamine is a natural equivalent spice for foods that are allowed to be used.
3. Outlook
With the country's emphasis on food safety and the improvement of consumers' health awareness, food safety will surely rise to a new level. Although glutamine is a non-essential amino acid in the human body, it is very large. Many studies have reported that glutamine relieves fatigue, anti-aging, anti-depression and other functions similar to caffeine. At present, the United States already has a functional liquid beverage containing glutamine, and glutamine is a substitute for caffeine. Feasible method.
Author: ZHOU Dawei, Shuai Bin, Li fortune, Yang Haijun
Author unit: Baolingbao Biological Co., Ltd. Shandong Yucheng (251200)
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