Rhizobium is a type of aerobic, gram-negative bacteria that colonizes the root hairs of leguminous plants, invading the root tissues to form nodules. These nodules serve as specialized structures that provide energy and minerals for both the plant and the bacteria, enabling symbiotic nitrogen fixation. This process allows Rhizobium to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for the plant, making it an essential component of sustainable agriculture. Although most rhizobia have specific host plants, this specificity is not absolute—cross-infection between species and even non-legume-like infections can occur, which has important implications for agricultural applications.
Currently, Rhizobium is widely used as a biofertilizer in legumes, with applications expanding to other crops in research stages. In areas where vetch was never previously grown, inoculation failed to produce nodules, resulting in low grass yields. However, in fields where legumes had been cultivated before, inoculation significantly increased productivity. According to data from Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Hunan provinces, nodule inoculation can boost green manure yields by 10–100% and legume seed production by 10–20%.
In China, rhizobial fertilizers typically require 300 million live bacteria per gram, with less than 1% contamination by other microbes. A standard application rate is 6–10 acres per kilogram of seed. When planting under shaded conditions, the seed dressing should be done on the same day. The method can involve direct seed coating or mixing with fertilizer during sowing. For example, when using peanut rhizobium fertilizer, 100 grams of bacterial powder can be mixed with cold water and applied immediately. If combined with wolfberry seeds, they should be soaked for 6–12 hours, dried, then coated with a paste and sprinkled over the seeds. Alternatively, the paste can be sprayed directly onto the soil before sowing. Another technique involves applying the bacterial agent to the soil surface as a top dressing.
To enhance the effectiveness of rhizobial inoculation, several key factors must be considered:
1. **Selecting efficient symbiotic combinations**: Breeding high-efficiency strains requires measuring their compatibility and ability to form nodules effectively.
2. **Ensuring quality control**: The fungal fertilizer must contain sufficient active bacteria, minimal impurities, and water content below 30%. It should be stored at room temperature and used within three months for optimal performance.
3. **Mastering inoculation techniques**: Based on the American Rhizobium standard, one mu of land requires 100 grams of inoculum, with 10³–10âµ bacteria per seed and 10â¶â€“10⸠per grain. In older legume-growing areas, additional doses may be needed to ensure successful colonization.
4. **Managing soil moisture**: Research shows that root development peaks within the first 10 days after inoculation. During this period, soil moisture should be maintained at 40–80% to support Rhizobium infection.
5. **Improving field management**: Proper care during the growth phase is crucial for maximizing the benefits of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes and Rhizobium.
By following these guidelines, farmers can significantly improve the efficiency and sustainability of their cropping systems through the use of rhizobial inoculants.
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