The main insect pests affecting greenhouse vegetables include the tea scutellariae (also known as green leafhoppers), red spider mites, aphids, thrips, and leaf miners. Each of these pests has a unique life cycle, causes specific damage to plants, and requires targeted control methods. Below is an in-depth overview of their occurrence, harm, and prevention strategies.
**I. Tea Scutellariae (Green Leafhopper)**
Tea scutellariae are tiny insects that are nearly invisible to the naked eye but reproduce very quickly. At temperatures between 28-32°C, they can complete up to 4-5 generations per month, while at lower temperatures (18-20°C), it takes about 7-10 days for one generation. In total, they can produce around 25 generations per year. These pests primarily affect the top leaves of plants, feeding on young foliage and causing damage that spreads from older to newer leaves. This feeding results in brown, oily spots on the underside of leaves, leading to leaf distortion, curling, and even drying out of the plant's growing tip. When flowers and fruits are affected, they may fail to bloom or bear fruit, with the skin turning yellow-brown, corky, and cracked.
**Control Methods:**
To manage tea scutellariae, farmers can use insecticides such as 73% Krypton diluted 1000 times, 25% Fipronil WP diluted 1000-1500 times, or 10% Acephate 3000 times. Spraying should be done every 5-7 days for 2-3 applications. After harvesting crops, it’s important to remove and burn fallen leaves to eliminate overwintering pests and apply pesticide throughout the greenhouse to prevent reinfestation.
**II. Red Spider Mites**
Red spider mites, including two-spotted spider mites, are common in greenhouses, especially under high-temperature and low-humidity conditions. They can complete about 20 generations annually, thriving between 21-30°C with humidity below 70%. These mites feed on the underside of leaves using their piercing-sucking mouthparts, causing white or yellow speckles that eventually lead to leaf desiccation. The damage typically starts on the lower leaves and progresses upward.
**Prevention and Control:**
Removing old, lower leaves and burning them is crucial. Maintaining high humidity and temperature levels within the greenhouse can also help suppress mite populations. Chemical control options include 1.8% Abamectin EC diluted 2000 times, 20% Emamectin Benzoate EC diluted 2000 times, or 40% Acephate EC diluted 2000 times. Spraying should occur every 7-10 days for 2-3 rounds.
**III. Aphids**
Three major types of aphids—melon, soybean, and peach aphids—commonly infest greenhouse vegetables. They can complete 20-30 generations per year and remain active all year round. Aphids cluster on the underside of leaves and tender stems, sucking sap and causing yellowing, curling, and even death of the foliage. Additionally, they act as vectors for viral diseases, making them particularly dangerous.
**Control Measures:**
Insecticides like 25% Imidacloprid 1000 times, 10% Cypermethrin 2000 times, or 50% Thiamethoxam 2000 times can be used. Applications should be made every 3-5 days for 2-3 times. Smoke fumigation is another effective method, with 350 grams per acre recommended.
**IV. Thrips**
Thrips are small, winged insects that feed on melons, eggplants, legumes, and other crops. Their nymphs are yellow, while adults are brownish-yellow. They can complete up to 15 generations per year and breed continuously throughout the season. Thrips feed on the underside of leaves, young shoots, and flowers, causing darkening, hardening, and narrowing of plant tissues, which severely affects growth.
**Management Strategies:**
Use 25% Imidacloprid 1000 times or 10% Cypermethrin 2000 times, combined with a synergist like Piperonyl Butoxide. Spray every 3-5 days for 2-3 applications to ensure effective control.
**V. Leaf Miners**
Leaf miners are commonly found in legumes, solanaceous crops, cruciferous vegetables, onions, and leeks. They have 1-4 generations per year. Eggs are laid inside the leaf tissue, and larvae feed within the leaves, causing white, blister-like spots. This feeding damages the leaves and reduces plant productivity.
**Control Techniques:**
After harvest, remove and burn leftover leaves to reduce pest populations. Apply insecticides such as 25% Imidacloprid 1000 times, 10% Cypermethrin 2000 times, 20% Deltamethrin EC 2000 times, or 21% Chlorimuron 3000 times. Adding a synergist can enhance effectiveness. Spraying should be done every 3-5 days for 2-3 times.
By implementing both cultural and chemical control measures, greenhouse growers can effectively manage these pests and protect crop yields. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are key to preventing severe infestations.
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