The primary insect pests affecting greenhouse vegetables include the tea scutellariae, red spider mites, aphids, thrips, and leaf miners. Below is a detailed description of their occurrence, damage, and control measures:
**I. Occurrence and Damage of Tea Scutellariae (A):**
Tea scutellariae, also known as green leafhoppers, are tiny insects that are difficult to spot with the naked eye but reproduce rapidly. At temperatures between 28-32°C, they can complete up to 4-5 generations per month, while at lower temperatures (18-20°C), it takes about 7-10 days for one generation. In a single year, they may produce around 25 generations. These pests mainly infest greenhouses and feed on the tender leaves, causing damage from the older leaves to the new growth. The affected leaves turn brown with an oily appearance, become distorted, and in severe cases, the top of the plant may dry out. When flowers and fruits are damaged, they fail to bloom or bear fruit, and the skin becomes yellow-brown, corky, and cracked.
**(B) Control Methods:**
To manage this pest, apply a 73% Krypton solution diluted 1000 times, or 25% Mancozeb WP at 1000-1500 times, or 10% Fenitrothion 3000 times. Spray every 5-7 days, repeating 2-3 times if necessary. After harvesting, remove and burn any fallen leaves, and spray the entire greenhouse with pesticide to eliminate remaining insects.
**II. Occurrence and Damage of Red Spider Mites (A):**
Red spider mites, including two-spotted mites, thrive in hot and dry conditions (21-30°C). They can complete about 20 generations per year. High humidity (over 70%) and low temperatures (below 30°C) are unfavorable for their development. These mites suck sap from the underside of leaves, causing white speckles and eventual leaf drying. Infestation usually starts from the lower leaves and spreads upward.
**(B) Prevention and Control:**
Remove old lower leaves and burn them. Maintain high humidity and temperature in the greenhouse, and water regularly to prevent infestation. For chemical control, use 1.8% Abamectin EC diluted 2000 times, 20% Bifenthrin EC 2000 times, or 40% Chlorpyrifos EC 2000 times. Apply every 7-10 days, up to 2-3 times if needed.
**III. Occurrence and Damage of Aphids (A):**
Common greenhouse aphid species include cucumber, soybean, and peach aphids. They can complete 20-30 generations annually and remain active throughout the year. Aphids cluster on the underside of leaves and tender stems, sucking sap and causing yellowing, curling, and even death of leaves. They also transmit viral diseases, making them highly destructive.
**(B) Control Methods:**
Use 25% Imidacloprid 1000 times, 10% Cypermethrin 2000 times, or 50% Permethrin 2000 times. Spray every 3-5 days, repeating 2-3 times. Alternatively, use fumigation with 350 grams per acre for effective control.
**IV. Occurrence and Damage of Thrips (A):**
Thrips are common pests on melons, eggplants, legumes, and other vegetables. They have yellow nymphs and brown-yellow adults. With about 15 generations per year, they breed continuously and overlap between generations. Thrips feed on the underside of leaves, young shoots, flowers, and fruits, causing darkening, hardening, and narrowing of the affected parts, which severely affects plant growth.
**(B) Prevention and Control:**
Apply 25% Imidacloprid 1000 times or 10% Cypermethrin 2000 times, adding a synergist like Piperonyl Butoxide. Spray every 3-5 days, repeating 2-3 times for best results.
**V. Occurrence and Damage of Leaf Miners (A):**
Leaf miners affect legumes, solanaceous crops, cruciferous vegetables, onions, and leeks. They complete 1-4 generations per year. Eggs are laid inside the leaf tissue, and larvae feed on the internal layers, causing white spots and discoloration on the leaves.
**(B) Prevention and Control:**
After harvest, remove and burn leftover leaves to reduce infestation. Use 25% Imidacloprid 1000 times, 10% Cypermethrin 2000 times, 20% Deltamethrin 2000 times, or 21% Chlorimuron 3000 times. Add a synergist and spray every 3-5 days, repeating 2-3 times for optimal control.
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