In recent years, with the continuous improvement in the efficiency of wheat harvesting machinery, a significant amount of straw has been left in the fields, and wheat bran has also been scattered, gradually increasing the occurrence of wheat scab. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most serious diseases affecting wheat crops. The infected wheat heads turn pink, hence the name "head blight." It has been observed that most wheat varieties are vulnerable to FHB under drought conditions. In particular, high-water and high-fertilizer plots are more prone to this disease, and warm-weather or newly developed wheat varieties tend to be more severely affected. For instance, the infection rate for varieties like Zhoumai 16 and Bainong Dwarf Resistance 58 can reach up to 10%.
FHB not only reduces wheat yield but also causes grain spoilage and deterioration. More seriously, the toxins produced by the pathogen can be harmful to both humans and animals. Controlling this disease is extremely challenging, and many farmers do not prioritize planting resistant varieties during sowing. If not addressed early, the losses can be significant.
From my observations over the past two years, FHB rarely appears from the jointing stage to the booting stage. It mainly affects the wheat ears during heading to full bloom. This period is usually warm, which creates ideal conditions for the disease to spread. Most farmers are unaware of the risks, don't pay enough attention, and often miss the early signs of infection unless they closely inspect the fields. Once the disease progresses, it becomes hard to control, especially if heavy rain occurs during flowering. Within just a few days, large areas of dry and white ears may appear, making it difficult to manage through later spraying.
Timely prevention is crucial. As soon as individual glumes on the ear turn white and dry, or red spots appear, farmers should spray immediately. It's better to act early rather than wait. Since FHB is a fungal disease, it’s recommended to apply 100 grams of carbendazim or 50 grams of oxazole in 30 kilograms of water from the flag leaf emergence to the initial heading stage. Spraying should be done using an atomizer, with the spray boom raised as high as possible to target the ears directly, ensuring even coverage of the grains.
The maximum interval between sprays should not exceed seven days. When the panicles are fully developed and many flowers are open, a second treatment is needed. If the weather is cloudy and the disease pressure is high, an early application during the grain-filling stage can significantly improve control effectiveness. From my field experience, applying only one treatment during the heading to grain-filling period without sufficient coverage often leads to poor results.
Therefore, I strongly advise farmers to take the prevention and control of FHB seriously. They should increase their awareness, not be afraid of the effort, and avoid relying solely on the harvest. Proactive measures can help reduce losses and ultimately lead to better yields and higher income.
Pharmaceutical intermediates
Drug Intermediates -Pharmaceutical intermediates: A material that is produced during a process step of the drug substance and must undergo further molecular changes or refining before it becomes a drug substance. The intermediates can be separated or not separated.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (APIS)(or Drug Substance) : Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)(or Drug Substance) : Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and, when used in pharmaceutical products, to be an active ingredient in pharmaceutical products. Such substances have pharmacological activity or other direct effects in the diagnosis, treatment, symptom relief, management or prevention of disease, or can affect the function and structure of the body. As can be seen from the definition, the Intermediates APIS is a key product of the previous process of manufacturing the API and has a different structure from the API
Finally, for example, amoxicillin capsules are called preparations, amoxicillin is called APIS, and 6-APA is called Veterinary Intermediates APIS.
Penicillin potassium for injection is called preparation, penicillin potassium is called Veterinary raw materials, and green potassium industrial salt is called intermediate
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