The new year’s hard work is about to begin again. In addition to the production plan and day-to-day management of the farmer's friends, especially those with more than five years of facilities at home, they must pay special attention to the facilities’ soil. The quality of this way can guarantee the annual output and play a multiplier role.
Soil salinization is more common in facilities in the suburbs of Beijing
In 2015, the Beijing Fertilizer Workstation carried out tests on 12 sites in 12 districts and 6 districts and counties in the Beijing suburbs and nearly 500 farmer households, representing an area of ​​nearly 5,000 acres. The results showed that 56% of the surveyed soil was divided into low-salt salinity, the production of sensitive crops (such as strawberries) was obstructed, salinity had begun to exceed the standard, and fertilizer input needed to be controlled; 10.9% of the plots belonged to medium salinity grade, and most crops Growth will be hindered, production will be significantly reduced, and measures must be taken to reduce salt salvage as soon as possible; 4.46% of the land is a high salinity grade and only salt-tolerant crops can be planted; 2.51% of the block's salinity reaches a super high grade, and only extremely salt-tolerant crops can The land with the highest salinity actually reached 3.54 mS/cm. Therefore, secondary salinization of soil is a common phenomenon in the production of facilities in the suburbs of Beijing.
The number of excessive salt plots in the new vegetable fields in the first 1-3 years is very small. After that, the higher the rate of salt excursions, the higher the rate of cultivation.
Secondary salinization of soil affects facility production
The secondary salinization of soil in facilities is first of all, the soil is hard, and the plate is difficult to cultivate; secondly, due to the high concentration of external salt, the crop cannot absorb water and nutrients well at the seedling stage, and the seedlings are slow when transplanting seedlings. The high rate of dead seedlings, sluggish growth of crops, and susceptible diseases have led to a decline in yield and quality.
What is the secondary salinization of facilities soil
The special water movement inside the facility (solar greenhouse or cold house) and intensive multi-fertilizer cultivation are important causes of secondary salinization of the soil. The input of nutrients far exceeds the amount needed for crops. Nutrients that have not been absorbed by crops and a large number of fertilizer accessory components remain in the soil, resulting in secondary salinization of the soil. In general, secondary salinization does not occur in the soil of grain fields and open fields, except in low-lying areas (such as parts of Tongzhou).
Multiple actions to prevent secondary salinization
The Beijing Soil Fertilizers Work Station has carried out a large amount of work in the production of vegetable and economic crops in the suburbs of Beijing. It has formed a single technology and integrated technology for different facilities crops that can be used by farmers for reference.
Facility vegetable control technology
â– Choose suitable crops according to local conditions
If the facilities are for a long period of time, white spots, brick red spots or purple spots will appear on the surface of the soil, and the soil will be more plateau, so that the salt-tolerant crops can be selected to mitigate the effects of salt damage on crops and reduce economic losses. After the soil salinity returns to normal levels, the planned crops will continue to be planted.
Common crop salt tolerance
Salt Tolerance: Asparagus
Medium Salt Tolerance: Beets, Zucchini
More salt-tolerant: broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage lettuce, tomato, celery, eggplant, bell pepper, pepper, cucumber, cabbage, cabbage, broad bean, potato, melon, pumpkin, watermelon, radish, indigo, spinach
Intolerant salt: beans, carrots, onions, strawberries
â– Scientific and rational application of chemical fertilizers, select the appropriate fertilizer varieties
The use of soil testing, formulating fertilization and water and fertilizer integration technology to carry out precision fertilization.
Fertilizer Salt Capacity: Ammonium chloride> Potassium chloride> Ammonium nitrate> Urea> Ammonium sulfate> Potassium sulfate, try not to use chlorinated fertilizer.
â– Organic Fertilizer Variety, Time and Consumption
Newly-built facilities (below 5 years) are mainly based on matured soils and fertilization, and can use poultry excrement (chicken excrement, duck dung, etc.); old facilities (more than 5 years) are mainly used for prevention and control of salt damage, and the use of poultry manure is minimized. Use low-salt manure such as livestock manure (cow dung, pig manure, etc.) or straw organic fertilizer.
Sunlight greenhouses and cold sheds (spring and spring gargles) should be applied as early as possible before planting or half a month before sowing to avoid excessive burning of salt, so that the manure is fully decomposed, which facilitates crop absorption and utilization.
It is recommended that the maximum amount of organic fertilizer be 3000 tons/mu.
â– Note how to do
Wag Ridge Ridge, salt concentration is concentrated near the top of the ridge and the top centerline along the line, the planting of the crop should be in the low-salt area on both sides of the ridge; Gaoping oysters, salt concentration is concentrated in the middle of the maggots, the crop should be planted in the Gaoping 畦 "two shoulders The low salt area.
â– Using mulching
The use of plastic film covering in production can reduce the evaporation of water on the surface of the soil, increase the temperature of the ground, prevent the spread of soil-borne diseases, and can also reduce the surface soil salt content. Excess moisture condenses on the mulch to form water droplets. To a certain extent, the salt (0-5 cm) of the topsoil is washed. Compared with the uncoated soil, the salt content on the topsoil can be reduced by 5%, which is extremely favorable for crop easing.
â– Use soil conditioner
Choose better soil conditioners with improved effects in the market, such as Fukang, Kangdibao, Sindyong, and Backyard, etc., and use according to the product instructions.
Facility strawberry control technology
â– Strawberry - fresh corn interplanting
Due to different agricultural schedules, some farmers or parks have a short summer leisure time. In early March of each year, fresh corn seeds can be seeded near the drip irrigation head. General on-demand 10-11 grains / ridge, every 3 ridge species 1 ridge, during which no need to use any fertilizer. With the emergence of corn, it is possible to shade the strawberries in summer and harvest nearly 64 kg/mu of fresh corn. In the middle of June, strawberries and corn mash can be processed at the same time. Compared with the traditional treatment, the use of this technology, the salt drop can reach 63%.
â– Strawberry - fast leafy crop rotation
Some farmers want to grow a crop during the leisure period of the facility and increase their income. It is advisable to plant a leafy crop (30-45 days old), such as cherry radishes, lettuce, canola, and cabbage. Do not use any fertilizer during the period, but make full use of the surplus nutrients. Using this technology, the salinity drops by about 20%, and the mu gains more than 3,000 yuan.
â– Strawberry "film uncovered rain - corn filling - soil disinfection" integration technology
1. After the strawberry was pulled on the top, the film was opened.
2. Irrigate the water before pulling it, so as to remove the remains of the diseased plant.
3. Remove the film. The strawberry pods are collected together with the dead leaves of the season to clear the shed. The strawberry pods can be used as feed or compost materials.
4. Break ridges and spray anti-spasm drugs. The ridge was broken with a rake, and 10 ml of the acetylene was sprayed on the surface of the soil to kill the eggs of the locust, preventing the damage of the locust by the locust.
5. Spread the corn. 12 kilograms of corn were planted in Mushi, and the land was deep-settled with agricultural machinery. Only water once in a critical period, corn grows for 30-45 days.
6. Crush over corn. Crush corn stalks with agricultural machinery and roll it back to the field.
7. Spread the manure in the base fertilizer.
8. Apply lime nitrogen. Mushi 40-50 kg lime nitrogen.
9. Open the ditch. Starting from the inlet in the shed, six sigmoid grooves were continuously opened on a four-wheel machine with a groove depth of 20 cm.
10. Film irrigation. Covering the film, the entire shed irrigation, water consumption per mu 60 square.
11. Dirty shed 30 days.
12. Remove the film. After the soil is disinfected, the manure production can be carried out after removing the plastic film for 7 days.
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