The main working components of a cultivator are typically divided into two categories: shovel-type and rotary-type. Among these, the shovel-type is the most commonly used and can be further classified into three types: weeding shovel, loosening shovel, and earth-moving shovel. Each type serves a specific function in soil preparation and crop maintenance.
First, the weeding shovel is designed for removing weeds from between crop rows. It comes in three variations: single-wing, winged, and ventilated. The single-wing weeding shovel is ideal for early weed control and is usually used at a shallow depth of up to 6 cm. It consists of a horizontal blade and a vertical guard plate. The blade helps loosen the soil, especially in areas like alfalfa fields, while the guard plate prevents soil compaction and includes cutting edges to avoid clogging from grasses. These shovels are placed on both sides of the seedlings, so there are left and right versions, which require careful installation. Winged weeding shovels work similarly but are often used together with single-wing models for more effective weed control.
Next, the loosening shovel is used to break up the soil between crop rows without turning it over. It can reach depths of 13 to 16 cm, making it suitable for deep soil aeration. The design includes a blade tip and a handle, with the blade tip being the active part. There are three common blade shapes: chisel-shaped, arrow-shaped, and birch-shaped. The chisel-shaped blade is narrow and flattens the soil during cultivation, ensuring consistent width. This type has been widely used in the past. The arrow-shaped blade has a triangular tip and a curved surface that results in well-loosened soil with a smooth bottom. Most modern Chinese cultivators now use this design. The birch-shaped blade is particularly useful for initial ridge cultivation. It features a triangular tip and a curved working surface, similar to the arrow-shaped blade, but with extended wings that help push the soil sideways.
Finally, the earth-moving shovel is used for cultivating soil and forming ridges. It comes in two types: curved and flat. The curved type has a rounded blade tip and chest, offering strong crushing power. Its side walls are semi-circular, allowing for efficient soil turning. During operation, the soil is broken up and pushed to both sides. The blade tip is narrow, resulting in a narrow ditch base and good weeding performance on ridges. The blade and chest are hinged, and the opening of the side walls is adjusted using a regulating wall, with an adjustment range of 275–430 mm, suitable for various row spacings. This type is widely used in dryland areas of northern China. The flat type is more suited for ridge areas in the northeast. It is primarily used for barnyardgrass removal and can also form ridges when equipped with earth boards. In the first cultivation pass, a 200 mm wide birch plow is used instead of an earth board. For the second pass, a 250 mm zinc plow adjusts the board to the middle position. In the third pass, a 350 mm triangular rake is used to open the board to its maximum angle. (Xue Yunlian)
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