Science & Technology Daily Beijing December 1, 2005 News: Talking about biodiesel, perhaps many people are still unfamiliar with it and are full of curiosity and doubt. It is a clean and renewable energy source. It is a liquid fuel made from oil crops such as soybeans and rapeseed, oil palm and oil of Pistacia chinensis, and has a wide range of raw materials, high reproducibility, and low pollution. Such characteristics are high quality petroleum diesel substitutes. Recently, the use of peanut oil to make biodiesel technology was controlled by the Shandong Peanut Research Institute. "Compared with traditional diesel, the biodiesel that was converted from peanut oil was not contained sulfur and benzene that are harmful to the human body. The amount of soot emitted by combustion was reduced by 50% and the cost was reduced by 30%." Member Dr. Yang Qingli said. Why do biodiesel? Reason 1: Energy consumption leads to serious environmental pollution The world’s energy consumption is still dominated by petroleum-based, natural gas-based petroleum-based fuels. Petroleum-based fuels have played a huge role in the modernization of human society and brought serious environmental pollution problems. According to the data, 70% of carbon dioxide, 80% of sulphides and 70% of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere come from the combustion of fossil fuels. As a new type of clean, renewable energy source, bio-diesel will not lead to an increase in the total amount of CO2 in the environment's greenhouse gases, and it will help reduce the discharge of other types of environmental pollutants. Therefore, based on the current situation that the shortage of petroleum resources and the heavy consumption of petroleum-based products have caused the deterioration of the ecological environment, many countries have formulated corresponding research plans for bioenergy development at the beginning of the new century. Reason two: Biodiesel has better performance than ordinary diesel Many Dr. Yang introduced, “Compared with diesel, biodiesel has better engine cold start performance, no additive when the condensation point reaches -10°C, and it has good lubrication performance. Reduce the wear rate of fuel injection pump, engine cylinder and connecting rod and prolong its service life.†Biodiesel has high oxygen content, high cetane number, better combustion performance than common diesel, biodegradable, and soil and water pollution. Less; no sulfur emissions, can reduce the occurrence of acid rain, can reduce air toxicity by 90%, reduce the carcinogenic rate of 94%; it has a high flash point, has a high safety performance, and is safe to store, use, and transport. The price of biodiesel is 3,000 yuan per ton, while the traditional diesel price is generally 4200-4500 yuan per ton. Reason 3: Peanut waste is very cheap to make biodiesel. Many biodiesel was produced from soybeans, rapeseeds, etc. However, the cost of soybeans and rapeseed itself is relatively high, and peanut oil is relatively cheap. “The so-called peanut oil waste is some of the low-grade oils that cannot be eaten in peanuts and accounts for about 5% of the whole peanuts.†said Yan Shanlin, head of the research group and director of the Peanut Research Institute. “With our technology, one ton is The material can produce one ton of biodiesel and the conversion efficiency can reach 100%%." He said, "And the biocoke has a hexadecane fat index of 56 while conventional diesel is 45, and we have increased by more than 20%. The higher the index, the higher the index is. It shows that the better the combustion effect.†Now, the biodiesel they researched was tested by the Shandong Provincial Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection and found that in addition to the higher cold filter points, the main performance indicators such as flash point, kinematic viscosity, sulfur content, and density Such are better than China's zero diesel. They conducted tests on four-wheeled small tractors. As a result, there was almost no contamination of biodiesel, no effect on diesel engines, and good results. “At the same time, we have studied the extraction and purification of glycerin, a by-product, to obtain glycerol with purity and color that meet the analytically pure standards, which greatly reduces the production cost of biodiesel.†How Biodiesel Works – Dr. Yang introduced, “The production of biodiesel There are two methods of chemistry and enzyme. At present, our lab can use both methods to convert peanut oil waste into biodiesel. The so-called chemical method is simply to use chemical reagents as catalysts. The chemical reagents are relatively cheap, so the chemical production cost is relatively low, and its conversion rate is fast, and it only takes 20 minutes. However, using the chemical method to produce biodiesel, the catalyst will pollute the environment. The enzyme method uses a biological enzyme as a catalyst, it does not pollute the environment, but the disadvantage is not only expensive, but also a long time, generally takes 24 hours to 48 hours. "We have established in the laboratory the reaction conditions for lipase immobilization and lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production that can effectively ensure the viability of lipase and greatly reduce the cost of enzyme use," said Dr. Yang, "but it's really big. When it comes to scale production, we must also give priority to the use of chemical methods." He explained, "This is because chemical methods are still very cheap compared to enzymatic methods. Moreover, the catalyst used in our chemical method is potassium hydroxide. We can It is compressed and converted into soap, used directly in laundry, etc. In this way, it will not pollute the environment.†“The main component of biodiesel is a chemical called fatty acid methyl ester, then the key to the entire technology is how to convert peanut oil to waste. For this material," said Dr. Yang. The first step: Pretreatment requires the pretreatment of peanut oil waste. This step is relatively simple. It is mainly to remove impurities, dehydration and deacidification of the peanut oil waste, and to examine the influence of the molar ratio of alcohol to oil and other conditions on the reaction. The best conditions for the reaction. Step 2: Catalytic reaction This is a key step. The reaction temperature, time, amount of catalyst, ratio of peanut oil trimmings and methanol must be strictly controlled so that the peanut oil trimmings react with the added methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters and glycerol. Fatty acid methyl ester is the main component of biodiesel, and glycerin is a by-product. Step 3: Post-processing the product Glycerine is not a component of biodiesel, so it must be separated. Due to the density of glycerol, the viscosity is relatively large, and it is generally deposited below, and the biodiesel is divided into two distinct layers, so they can be separated by directly pouring them into two containers. The glycerin isolated at this time is crude glycerin, with a brown color, and it needs to be treated as colorless so that it can be sold as another product. Some unreacted methanol remains during the reaction and it needs to be separated and recovered. The boiling point of methanol is more than 80 degrees, and the boiling point of fatty acid methyl ester is more than 300 degrees, so that the methanol can be recovered by evaporation using the difference in the boiling point between them. Step 4: Wash the impurities After the first three steps, the remaining product is biodiesel. If you want to get a better performance of biodiesel, you also need to wash it, in plain words is to wash the biodiesel cleaner, more pure. Usually, biodiesel is poured into water, and impurities contained in the catalyst such as potassium hydroxide dissolve into the water, while biodiesel is insoluble in water, so that impurities can be washed away. How do you listen to experts? Dr. Yang Qingli, member of the research group: The transformation of peanut oil waste into biodiesel has a good prospect of large-scale production. The successful development of the conversion of peanut oil waste to biodiesel technology has made China one of the few countries in the world to master this technology. One of them has filled the gaps in the domestic market. With this technology, it is also possible to convert the waste oil from the catering industry into biodiesel. The supply of raw materials is sufficient, and the prospect of large-scale production is very good. Many companies are willing to cooperate. We now have a small test facility that can produce 100 liters per hour. If we invest in large-scale production later, it will be no problem to produce several tons per hour. Daishan Lin, Director of the Peanut Research Institute: The biggest advantage of biodiesel is that it does not contain harmful sulfur and benzene. Compared with traditional diesel, the biggest advantage of biodiesel is that it does not contain harmful sulfur and benzene. At present, Shandong Province produces 60,000 tons of peanut oil waste and 200,000 tons of waste oil in the catering industry. This not only causes serious environmental pollution, but also seriously threatens people's health. Through this technology, only these two types of waste oil can be converted into green biodiesel, and the annual output can reach 240,000 tons. The direct economic value created together with the cost of pollution caused by the treatment of waste oil can be saved. Up to 100 million yuan. ■Original News On November 1, 2005, the "First Financial Daily" learned from the Peanut Research Institute of the Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences that an important breakthrough has been made in the conversion of biodiesel from raw materials such as peanuts and scraps into the project. Scale production conditions. Peishan Lin, director of the Peanut Research Institute, told the "First Financial Daily" that a few days ago, the inspection results of the Shandong Provincial Institute of Product Quality Supervision indicated that the physical and chemical indexes of biodiesel they developed were all higher than those of China's existing diesel No. 0. German and French biodiesel standards. The "First Financial Daily" learned that now there is already a company called Plu Energy Inc. in Weihai, Shandong Province. The total investment scale of this company will reach RMB 1.5 billion. It is designed to produce 500,000 to 750,000 tons of biodiesel annually. It is expected that the first phase of the 2007 project will be ready for production.
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