Soil is one of the environmental conditions for the growth and development of flowers. The root system stretches and stretches in the soil. As long as the soil is deep, the drainage is air-permeable, the pH is appropriate, and there is a certain fertility, which will allow normal growth and flowering. Because of the different environmental conditions required for the growth and development of flowers, the requirements for the physical and chemical properties of the soil also vary depending on the type of flower. Therefore, soil treatment technology is the key to the success of flower cultivation. The roots of potted plants are generally confined to pots. Rely on limited soil to supply nutrients and moisture to maintain growth and development needs. Therefore, soil requirements are even more stringent.
First, the basic requirements of flowers on the soil There are many types of flowers, and the characteristics of the soil that adapt to its growth and development are also very different. In general, most flowers require that the soil is rich in humus, soil is loose and fertile, drainage is good, and air permeability is strong. The vast majority of open field flowers require a pH of around 7.0, while greenhouse flowers require acidic soils.
1. Soil properties required by flowers 1. The granule structure is good, and the drainage permeation granule structure is a granule of 0.01 to 5 mm in size formed by the binding of humus and mineral in the soil. There are capillary pores inside the pellets, which can store water and fertilizer, and there are larger pores between the pellets. They can be drained and ventilated, not watered or after the rain. The soil with poor aggregate structure is mostly viscous, knotted, and poorly drained. Cultivated flowers can easily lead to rot of the flower roots, yellow leaves, and even dry death.
2 Rich humus, long-lasting humus Fertilizer is an organic matter formed after decay of animal and plant residues and excreta. Rich humus content, rich content of available nutrients, is conducive to the absorption of flower roots. The method of increasing soil humus mainly depends on increasing the amount of organic fertilizer that is fully decomposed.
3 pH (pH) should be suitable for most open field flowers require neutral soil, and most greenhouse flowers require acidic soil. The adaptability of a plant to acid and alkali in the environment is determined by the root characteristics of the plant. According to the adaptability of the plant root system to the acidity and alkalinity of the environment, it is divided into: acid soil plants; weak acid soil plants; near-neutral (acidic) soil plants; weak alkaline soil plants. The range of adaptation of various plants to hydrogen ion concentration is shown in Table 1-1. The pH of the soil can usually be adjusted with sulphuric acid and quicklime, and ferrous sulphate can also regulate the pH of the soil. It is generally adjusted with industrial waste sulfuric acid to save cost.
2. Requirements for all kinds of flowers on the soil (1) Flowers in the open field1. Flowers in the first year and second year: Good growth can be achieved in well-drained sandy loam and loam, and poor growth of clay and light soil. The suitable soil is soil with deep topsoil, high groundwater level, moderate wet and dry, and organic-rich soil. Summer flowering species are most resistant to soil drying, and therefore require drainage and irrigation. The autumn sowing flower is suitable for the clay loam, such as calendula, cornflower, lupin and so on.
2 perennial perennial flower: strong root system, deeper into the soil, there should be 40 ~ 50cm soil layer; the lower layer should be laid drainage, so that it is well drained. When planting, more organic fertilizer should be applied to maintain a better soil structure in the long term. After a fertilization can maintain many years of flowering. Generally perennial flowers require a light loam rich in humus at the seedling stage. After the second year, it is better to use slightly sticky soil.
3 Bulb flowers: The requirements for the soil are very strict. The bulbous flowers are generally suitable for light and well-drained loams rich in humus. Loam can also be. The lower layer is preferably a well-drained gravel soil and a topsoil with a sandy loam. However, daffodils, hyacinths, lilies, Lycoris, tuberose, and tulips are suitable for loam.
(2) Greenhouse flowers are required to be rich in humus, with soft and loose soil, good air permeability and drainage, long-term maintenance of soil moisture, and not easy to dry. Most greenhouse flowers generally require acidic soils.
(2) Soil types suitable for flower cultivation The commonly used soil types for flower production are river sand, garden soil, rot leaf soil, peat soil, pine needle soil, pond mud, turf soil, and swamp soil.
1. Hesha River sand contains no organic matter, is clean, and has a neutral pH. It is suitable for cutting seedlings, sowing seedlings, and direct cultivation of cacti and pulpy plants. Generally viscous heavy soils can be incorporated into river sand to improve soil structure.
2. Garden soil soil is generally surface sandy loam soil of vegetable garden, orchard, bamboo garden, etc. The soil is relatively fertile, and it is neutral or acid or alkaline. After the garden soil is dried, it is easy to compact and has poor water permeability. Generally not used alone.
3, leaf rot rot leaf soil is generally made of leaves, leaves and other rot, contains a lot of organic matter, loose fertile, good air permeability and drainage. It is slightly acidic and can be used alone to cultivate Clivia, orchids, and cyclamen. General rot leaves with garden soil, mountain mud use. Fall leaves of broad-leaved trees are generally collected in autumn and winter seasons (as perishable leaves such as poplar, willow, alfalfa, and alfalfa, etc.) and mixed with garden soil for 1 to 2 years until they are fully rotted.
4. Pine needle soil in the mountain forest Pine deciduous humus formed after years of decay, that is, pine needle soil. Pine needle soil is gray-brown, more fertile, with good air permeability and drainage, showing a strong acidic reaction, suitable for azaleas, gardenias, camellia and other hi-acid flowers.
5, peat soil peat soil, also known as peat soil, is made of reeds and other aquatic plants, carbonized by the role of peat moss. In the north, brown soil is used to make nutritious soil. The peat soil is soft and loose, drainage and air permeability are good, and it is a weak acid reaction. It is a good cutting matrix. It is more appropriate to use cultivated charcoal soil for cultivation of orchids, camellia, sweet-scented osmanthus, and white orchids.
6, pond mud mud or river mud. Slurries in ponds or lakes are generally harvested in autumn and winter seasons, dried and crushed, and mixed with coarse sand, hull ash, or other lightly loosened soil.
7, turf soil In natural pastures or grasslands, dig 10cm of surface turf, stacked layers, after a year or more of maturity, sifting through the removal of grass and other roots. The turf soil is rich in nutrients and has a weakly acidic reaction. It can cultivate plants, rose, carnation, and Dali flowers.
8. After the swampy soil has dried up in the swampy land, dig out the topsoil to make it a good pottery and soil raw material. Swampy soil is rich in humus, has long-lasting fertility, and is acidic, but it tends to harden and crack after drying. Should be mixed with coarse sand.
9, hull ash, also known as ash, is the ash formed after the combustion of the hull, showing a neutral or weakly acidic reaction, containing high potassium nutrition, soil incorporation into the soil can loose, breathable.
Third, flower nutrition soil flowers and soil nutrition for the artificial heap, brewed from the system, generally divided into common nutrition soil, fertilizer nutrient soil and special nutrient soil nutrient soil and so on.
1. Ordinary nutrient soil collects weeds, sawdust, fallen leaves, and leaves in the autumn. The first layer is laid at 30cm on the bottom layer, and watered or poured with appropriate amount of human waste, and then covered with a layer of 10cm thick soil. Layers of up to 1.5 meters is appropriate. Finally capped with mud. The fermentation can be used after sifting through sieves to remove impurities. After composting, pay attention to management and avoid the loss of nutrients caused by rain.
2. Add fertilizer nutrient soil In common nutrition soil, add 10% of cooked cake fat or 20% of animal feces. Suitable for most herbaceous flower cultivation.
3, special nutrient soil in ordinary nutrition soil by adding 0.1 to 0.2% of sulfur powder, composting for a period of time, and then spread out so that the smell of sulfur is distributed clean, this composting pH value of about 5.5, suitable for hi acidic flowers .
4, coke nutrient soil in the autumn the plant residues such as litter and garden soil layers, like a hoe, and covered with mud, and then slowly burning with the fire, smoked into a yellow-brown ash. Stacked for a period of time to use sieve. Suitable for planting small kumquats and bergamot fruit seed plants.
Fourth, nutrition soil preparation
1. Flowers in the first and second year of the greenhouse, such as Primula, cineraria, peonies, and butterflies. The nutrient soil in the seedling stage was: rot leaf soil: garden soil: river sand = 5:3.5:1.5. Colonization with nutrient soil, rot leaf soil: garden soil: river sand = 2 ~ 3: 5 ~ 6: 1 ~ 2.
2, perennial flowers, such as plants, asters, peony and other nutritious soil available rot leaf soil: garden soil: river sand = 3 ~ 4: 5 ~ 6: 1 ~ 2.
3, greenhouse bulb flowers such as gloxinia, Cyclamen, Begonia and other nutrient soil. Available rot leaves: Garden soil: River sand = 5:4:1
4. The nutritious soil of the greenhouse woody flowers, such as camellia, smiling, white orchids, etc., can be used to rot 3 to 4 copies, and then mixed with garden soil and the same amount of sand, plus a small amount of bone meal.
5. The nutrient soil of cactus and pulpy plants is: soil: grit = 1:1; the arrow is made of lotus, silk flower, crab claw blue, etc.: rot leaf soil: garden soil: river sand = 2:2:3.
6. Azaleas are recommended for use in pine needle soil: decomposed horse dung or cow dung = 1:1 is most suitable.
7, the main flowers and trees nutrition soil generally recommended, seedlings and cuttings seedlings: rot leaf soil: garden soil: sand = 4:4:2; rubber tree, Zhu banana and other use: rot leaf soil: garden soil: river sand = 3 : 5:2; palms, coconuts, etc.: Garden soil 5 copies of river sand. Piles and potted trees: The amount of rotted leaf soil and compost soil must be guaranteed in rivers and sands in order to facilitate drainage.
(five) soil disinfection:
In order to prevent soil-borne diseases and insect pests, soil disinfection is very necessary. Common disinfection methods are:
1. Steam sterilization method: Wherever possible, pipes (iron pipes, etc.) can be used to lead the steam in boilers to a wooden or iron sealed container, and the soil is loaded into containers for disinfection. The vapor temperature is around 100-120°C. Disinfection time is 40-60 minutes. A small hole is made in the iron pipe in the container, and steam is ejected from the hole.
2, high-temperature disinfection method: In a small amount of planting can use large pot fried soil method. To continue turning, the temperature of 120-130 °C, 40 minutes can be.
3, pharmaceutical disinfection method:
Formaldehyde fumigation, 40% formaldehyde 400-500ml watering the soil, and sealed 2-4 hours. After disinfection, the soil should be air-dried for 3-4 days and then used after the medicine has volatilized. It is also possible to use 50 times formaldehyde solution to soil, seal it for 24 hours, and let it dry for 10-14 days.
2 chloropicrin: It is a highly toxic fumigant that kills, kills, sterilizes, and controls nematodes. 25 holes/m2, hole depth 20cm, hole distance 20cm, 5ml per hole irrigation solution, immediately cover the hole with soil after application, step on the surface, sprinkle water on the surface of the soil, and delay the volatilization of the agent. When the temperature is above 20°C, keep it for 10 days, keep it at 15°C for 15 days, and then turn it to the ground several times to avoid the influence of the chemicals on the roots of the plants. Wear gloves and a gas mask when using chloropicrin.
370% pentachloronitrobenzene powder, 2.5 to 5 kg/mu in the sash, and then turned into the soil, can also prevent pests and diseases.
First, the basic requirements of flowers on the soil There are many types of flowers, and the characteristics of the soil that adapt to its growth and development are also very different. In general, most flowers require that the soil is rich in humus, soil is loose and fertile, drainage is good, and air permeability is strong. The vast majority of open field flowers require a pH of around 7.0, while greenhouse flowers require acidic soils.
1. Soil properties required by flowers 1. The granule structure is good, and the drainage permeation granule structure is a granule of 0.01 to 5 mm in size formed by the binding of humus and mineral in the soil. There are capillary pores inside the pellets, which can store water and fertilizer, and there are larger pores between the pellets. They can be drained and ventilated, not watered or after the rain. The soil with poor aggregate structure is mostly viscous, knotted, and poorly drained. Cultivated flowers can easily lead to rot of the flower roots, yellow leaves, and even dry death.
2 Rich humus, long-lasting humus Fertilizer is an organic matter formed after decay of animal and plant residues and excreta. Rich humus content, rich content of available nutrients, is conducive to the absorption of flower roots. The method of increasing soil humus mainly depends on increasing the amount of organic fertilizer that is fully decomposed.
3 pH (pH) should be suitable for most open field flowers require neutral soil, and most greenhouse flowers require acidic soil. The adaptability of a plant to acid and alkali in the environment is determined by the root characteristics of the plant. According to the adaptability of the plant root system to the acidity and alkalinity of the environment, it is divided into: acid soil plants; weak acid soil plants; near-neutral (acidic) soil plants; weak alkaline soil plants. The range of adaptation of various plants to hydrogen ion concentration is shown in Table 1-1. The pH of the soil can usually be adjusted with sulphuric acid and quicklime, and ferrous sulphate can also regulate the pH of the soil. It is generally adjusted with industrial waste sulfuric acid to save cost.
2. Requirements for all kinds of flowers on the soil (1) Flowers in the open field1. Flowers in the first year and second year: Good growth can be achieved in well-drained sandy loam and loam, and poor growth of clay and light soil. The suitable soil is soil with deep topsoil, high groundwater level, moderate wet and dry, and organic-rich soil. Summer flowering species are most resistant to soil drying, and therefore require drainage and irrigation. The autumn sowing flower is suitable for the clay loam, such as calendula, cornflower, lupin and so on.
2 perennial perennial flower: strong root system, deeper into the soil, there should be 40 ~ 50cm soil layer; the lower layer should be laid drainage, so that it is well drained. When planting, more organic fertilizer should be applied to maintain a better soil structure in the long term. After a fertilization can maintain many years of flowering. Generally perennial flowers require a light loam rich in humus at the seedling stage. After the second year, it is better to use slightly sticky soil.
3 Bulb flowers: The requirements for the soil are very strict. The bulbous flowers are generally suitable for light and well-drained loams rich in humus. Loam can also be. The lower layer is preferably a well-drained gravel soil and a topsoil with a sandy loam. However, daffodils, hyacinths, lilies, Lycoris, tuberose, and tulips are suitable for loam.
(2) Greenhouse flowers are required to be rich in humus, with soft and loose soil, good air permeability and drainage, long-term maintenance of soil moisture, and not easy to dry. Most greenhouse flowers generally require acidic soils.
(2) Soil types suitable for flower cultivation The commonly used soil types for flower production are river sand, garden soil, rot leaf soil, peat soil, pine needle soil, pond mud, turf soil, and swamp soil.
1. Hesha River sand contains no organic matter, is clean, and has a neutral pH. It is suitable for cutting seedlings, sowing seedlings, and direct cultivation of cacti and pulpy plants. Generally viscous heavy soils can be incorporated into river sand to improve soil structure.
2. Garden soil soil is generally surface sandy loam soil of vegetable garden, orchard, bamboo garden, etc. The soil is relatively fertile, and it is neutral or acid or alkaline. After the garden soil is dried, it is easy to compact and has poor water permeability. Generally not used alone.
3, leaf rot rot leaf soil is generally made of leaves, leaves and other rot, contains a lot of organic matter, loose fertile, good air permeability and drainage. It is slightly acidic and can be used alone to cultivate Clivia, orchids, and cyclamen. General rot leaves with garden soil, mountain mud use. Fall leaves of broad-leaved trees are generally collected in autumn and winter seasons (as perishable leaves such as poplar, willow, alfalfa, and alfalfa, etc.) and mixed with garden soil for 1 to 2 years until they are fully rotted.
4. Pine needle soil in the mountain forest Pine deciduous humus formed after years of decay, that is, pine needle soil. Pine needle soil is gray-brown, more fertile, with good air permeability and drainage, showing a strong acidic reaction, suitable for azaleas, gardenias, camellia and other hi-acid flowers.
5, peat soil peat soil, also known as peat soil, is made of reeds and other aquatic plants, carbonized by the role of peat moss. In the north, brown soil is used to make nutritious soil. The peat soil is soft and loose, drainage and air permeability are good, and it is a weak acid reaction. It is a good cutting matrix. It is more appropriate to use cultivated charcoal soil for cultivation of orchids, camellia, sweet-scented osmanthus, and white orchids.
6, pond mud mud or river mud. Slurries in ponds or lakes are generally harvested in autumn and winter seasons, dried and crushed, and mixed with coarse sand, hull ash, or other lightly loosened soil.
7, turf soil In natural pastures or grasslands, dig 10cm of surface turf, stacked layers, after a year or more of maturity, sifting through the removal of grass and other roots. The turf soil is rich in nutrients and has a weakly acidic reaction. It can cultivate plants, rose, carnation, and Dali flowers.
8. After the swampy soil has dried up in the swampy land, dig out the topsoil to make it a good pottery and soil raw material. Swampy soil is rich in humus, has long-lasting fertility, and is acidic, but it tends to harden and crack after drying. Should be mixed with coarse sand.
9, hull ash, also known as ash, is the ash formed after the combustion of the hull, showing a neutral or weakly acidic reaction, containing high potassium nutrition, soil incorporation into the soil can loose, breathable.
Third, flower nutrition soil flowers and soil nutrition for the artificial heap, brewed from the system, generally divided into common nutrition soil, fertilizer nutrient soil and special nutrient soil nutrient soil and so on.
1. Ordinary nutrient soil collects weeds, sawdust, fallen leaves, and leaves in the autumn. The first layer is laid at 30cm on the bottom layer, and watered or poured with appropriate amount of human waste, and then covered with a layer of 10cm thick soil. Layers of up to 1.5 meters is appropriate. Finally capped with mud. The fermentation can be used after sifting through sieves to remove impurities. After composting, pay attention to management and avoid the loss of nutrients caused by rain.
2. Add fertilizer nutrient soil In common nutrition soil, add 10% of cooked cake fat or 20% of animal feces. Suitable for most herbaceous flower cultivation.
3, special nutrient soil in ordinary nutrition soil by adding 0.1 to 0.2% of sulfur powder, composting for a period of time, and then spread out so that the smell of sulfur is distributed clean, this composting pH value of about 5.5, suitable for hi acidic flowers .
4, coke nutrient soil in the autumn the plant residues such as litter and garden soil layers, like a hoe, and covered with mud, and then slowly burning with the fire, smoked into a yellow-brown ash. Stacked for a period of time to use sieve. Suitable for planting small kumquats and bergamot fruit seed plants.
Fourth, nutrition soil preparation
1. Flowers in the first and second year of the greenhouse, such as Primula, cineraria, peonies, and butterflies. The nutrient soil in the seedling stage was: rot leaf soil: garden soil: river sand = 5:3.5:1.5. Colonization with nutrient soil, rot leaf soil: garden soil: river sand = 2 ~ 3: 5 ~ 6: 1 ~ 2.
2, perennial flowers, such as plants, asters, peony and other nutritious soil available rot leaf soil: garden soil: river sand = 3 ~ 4: 5 ~ 6: 1 ~ 2.
3, greenhouse bulb flowers such as gloxinia, Cyclamen, Begonia and other nutrient soil. Available rot leaves: Garden soil: River sand = 5:4:1
4. The nutritious soil of the greenhouse woody flowers, such as camellia, smiling, white orchids, etc., can be used to rot 3 to 4 copies, and then mixed with garden soil and the same amount of sand, plus a small amount of bone meal.
5. The nutrient soil of cactus and pulpy plants is: soil: grit = 1:1; the arrow is made of lotus, silk flower, crab claw blue, etc.: rot leaf soil: garden soil: river sand = 2:2:3.
6. Azaleas are recommended for use in pine needle soil: decomposed horse dung or cow dung = 1:1 is most suitable.
7, the main flowers and trees nutrition soil generally recommended, seedlings and cuttings seedlings: rot leaf soil: garden soil: sand = 4:4:2; rubber tree, Zhu banana and other use: rot leaf soil: garden soil: river sand = 3 : 5:2; palms, coconuts, etc.: Garden soil 5 copies of river sand. Piles and potted trees: The amount of rotted leaf soil and compost soil must be guaranteed in rivers and sands in order to facilitate drainage.
(five) soil disinfection:
In order to prevent soil-borne diseases and insect pests, soil disinfection is very necessary. Common disinfection methods are:
1. Steam sterilization method: Wherever possible, pipes (iron pipes, etc.) can be used to lead the steam in boilers to a wooden or iron sealed container, and the soil is loaded into containers for disinfection. The vapor temperature is around 100-120°C. Disinfection time is 40-60 minutes. A small hole is made in the iron pipe in the container, and steam is ejected from the hole.
2, high-temperature disinfection method: In a small amount of planting can use large pot fried soil method. To continue turning, the temperature of 120-130 °C, 40 minutes can be.
3, pharmaceutical disinfection method:
Formaldehyde fumigation, 40% formaldehyde 400-500ml watering the soil, and sealed 2-4 hours. After disinfection, the soil should be air-dried for 3-4 days and then used after the medicine has volatilized. It is also possible to use 50 times formaldehyde solution to soil, seal it for 24 hours, and let it dry for 10-14 days.
2 chloropicrin: It is a highly toxic fumigant that kills, kills, sterilizes, and controls nematodes. 25 holes/m2, hole depth 20cm, hole distance 20cm, 5ml per hole irrigation solution, immediately cover the hole with soil after application, step on the surface, sprinkle water on the surface of the soil, and delay the volatilization of the agent. When the temperature is above 20°C, keep it for 10 days, keep it at 15°C for 15 days, and then turn it to the ground several times to avoid the influence of the chemicals on the roots of the plants. Wear gloves and a gas mask when using chloropicrin.
370% pentachloronitrobenzene powder, 2.5 to 5 kg/mu in the sash, and then turned into the soil, can also prevent pests and diseases.
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