Shandong is located in the temperate zone, characterized by cold but not severe winters and warm but not humid summers. This climate is highly favorable for the growth and reproduction of geese. For instance, while the same species of geese may lay around 20 eggs per year in Guangdong, they can lay between 60 to 80 eggs annually in Shandong. The region's rich agricultural resources provide an abundance of feed for geese, including crop straw, maggots, vines, weeds, wild herbs, and forage grasses. Additionally, the presence of numerous lakes, ponds, and rivers creates an ideal environment for raising geese. As a result, the Wulong goose breed from Shandong has become well-known, and the goose industry in the region has developed rapidly, leading to the formation of a "southern goose breeding" model.
The question of how to raise healthy geese and maximize their economic value has become a key issue for many farmers. Since 2005, we have been engaged in goose farming and have gradually accumulated practical experience. Based on our findings, we have divided the growth period of goslings into three stages: the brooding stage (days 1–30), the maintenance stage (days 31–65), and the fattening stage (days 65–80). Successfully managing these three phases is essential for a successful goose-raising operation.
The brooding stage is the most critical phase, as young geese are small, have weak immunity, and are sensitive to environmental changes. To ensure high-quality and healthy goslings, it’s important to focus on three key areas: temperature, humidity, and density.
First, temperature plays a crucial role during this stage. If the temperature is too high, geese may become overheated, leading to reduced appetite and poor physical condition. Symptoms include standing still, drooping wings, shallow breathing, increased water intake, and decreased feed consumption. Conversely, if the temperature is too low, geese may huddle together, which can lead to suffocation and death. The ideal temperature varies depending on the season, time of day, and the density of the flock. We follow the principle of “four highs and four lowsâ€: higher temperatures in winter, lower in summer; higher at night, lower during the day; higher when the density is low, lower when it's high; higher when sick, lower when healthy. Avoid sudden temperature fluctuations.
Second, humidity must be carefully managed. Although geese are waterfowl, the housing should remain dry and well-ventilated. High humidity combined with heat can reduce appetite and weaken disease resistance, increasing the risk of illness. Low temperature with high humidity can cause discomfort, leading to colds and diarrhea. Too low humidity may affect feather development and cause issues like snoring. Maintaining proper humidity levels is essential for healthy growth.
Third, stocking density significantly impacts goose health and growth. Overcrowding can lead to poor growth, uneven body weight, and disease outbreaks. On the other hand, too low a density may reduce heat retention and waste space. A balanced density ensures good survival rates and efficient use of facilities. The recommended densities are outlined in the table below.
In addition to temperature, humidity, and density, feeding practices are also vital. Two key principles are timing and quantity. Feeding at regular intervals helps geese develop a conditioned reflex, ensuring they eat eagerly. The number of feedings per day depends on the age of the geese. Quantitative feeding ensures that nutritional needs are met without overfeeding or underfeeding. It’s important to adjust the amount of both fine and coarse feed based on the growth stage. From day five onward, sand trays can be introduced to allow free access to grit.
Lighting is another important factor. Natural sunlight provides warmth and has antibacterial properties, helping prevent osteomalacia. Proper lighting also boosts immunity. During the first three days, goslings should be kept under light for 24 hours, then the duration is gradually reduced by one hour each day. After four weeks, natural light is sufficient. In the early stages, a 40W bulb per 15 square meters is used, and after 8–14 days, a 25W bulb is enough. The bulbs should be placed about 2 meters above the geese.
During the brooding phase, maintaining hygiene, regular disinfection, and timely immunization are essential. Grouping should be done rationally, and grazing and bathing should be arranged according to weather conditions. Bathing should start with shallow water and gradually increase depth.
Once the brooding phase ends, the geese move into the maintenance stage. During this time, their bones and feathers grow, and their digestive systems develop. They require a large amount of cellulose-rich feed. There are three main feeding methods: grazing, semi-grazing, and full house feeding. Grazing-based systems supplement with fine feed when necessary, while semi-grazing involves returning to the house for feeding. Full house feeding mainly consists of roughage, such as grass flour and plant residues, making up about 95% of the diet, with only 5% being concentrated feed.
Finally, the fattening stage occurs between 65 and 80 days of age. During this period, the amount of feed is gradually increased to promote weight gain. Fattening feed typically includes a mix of corn and concentrates, with corn making up the majority. Concentrates can reach 80–90% of the total feed, while grasses and grass powders fill the rest until the geese are ready for sale.
Geese are relatively cold-resistant, but proper housing is essential. In summer, they should have shade and ventilation, while in winter, protection from wind is needed. A clean surface and open area for movement are also important.
Zhu Ning, Ningyang County Rural Drinking Veterinary Station
Dong Xiaofu, Shandong Xinyuan Grass Industry Company
Zhao Lei, Shandong Xinyuan Grass Industry Company Meat Goose Breeding Base
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