One common misconception is that ammonium bicarbonate can be applied on the surface or mixed with water. However, this fertilizer is highly prone to decomposition and volatilization, earning it the nickname "gas manure." Applying it superficially leads to poor nutrient uptake and increased ammonia loss, especially under high temperatures. It may also stick to plant leaves and stems, causing damage or burns—particularly when applied in the early morning. If not enough water is used, the fertilizer remains on the soil surface, leading to nitrogen loss through volatilization.
To address this, ammonium bicarbonate should be applied deeper into the soil, covered properly after application. If irrigation is insufficient, water should be added promptly to improve efficiency. Studies show that deep application increases fertilizer utilization by 10–30% and boosts crop yield by about 10%, which is 8% more effective than surface watering.
A second misunderstanding is shallow surface application of urea or immediately flooding the field after fertilizing. Urea is an amide nitrogen fertilizer that must first convert into ammonium carbonate in the soil, a process catalyzed by urease. This compound is unstable and can easily release ammonia, especially on calcareous or alkaline soils. If flooded right after application, urea can be leached deep into the soil, reducing its effectiveness.
The correct approach is to apply urea on dry land, either as base or top dressing, and ensure it is buried in moist soil for better conversion. Watering should be adequate but not excessive—about 20–30 cubic meters per acre. In paddy fields, apply before irrigation and avoid watering immediately after. Re-irrigation should occur every 3–5 days to allow proper transformation into ammonium carbonate.
A third mistake is applying diammonium phosphate with water. This can cause nitrogen to evaporate and phosphorus to remain on the soil surface, limiting root absorption. The solution is to apply it at a depth of around 10 cm using a furrow method, followed by immediate watering to help the fertilizer dissolve and reach the root zone.
Another error is using superphosphate directly as seed fertilizer. It contains 3.5–5% free acid, which can corrode seeds and reduce germination rates. To prevent this, superphosphate should be placed below or beside the seeds, keeping it separate from direct contact.
Applying calcium magnesium phosphate as top dressing is also incorrect. Being a weakly soluble fertilizer, it works slowly and isn't suitable for surface application. Instead, it should be used as a base fertilizer and applied early in the season to allow time for dissolution and transformation in the soil. Mixing it with organic matter can further enhance its effectiveness.
Some farmers mistakenly mix human waste with wood ash during storage or application. Since wood ash is alkaline, it accelerates ammonia loss from the urine, significantly reducing nitrogen content. For instance, mixing them in a 1:1.5 ratio for three days can lead to a 27.4% nitrogen loss, and over three months, up to 85.6% is lost.
To solve this, human waste and ash should not be mixed. Instead, they should be stored separately and treated properly. Finally, applying raw human urine directly to vegetables is risky due to harmful bacteria and parasites. It should first undergo harmless treatment such as sealing, composting, or disinfection before being used on crops to protect both plants and consumers.
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