The use of straw is highly versatile and plays a significant role in various sectors. In agriculture, it is used for making organic fertilizers, feeding ruminant animals, returning to the fields, and cultivating edible mushrooms. Industrially, straw finds applications in papermaking, manufacturing straw boards, new wall materials, straw tableware, straw paintings, rice stamping, and producing straw ropes and curtains. Additionally, in rural areas, straw serves as a renewable energy source through technologies like gasification and methane production.
**I. Straw Fertilizer (Straw Returning)**
Modern machinery such as rice straw returners and wheat straw planters helps in efficiently returning crop residues to the soil. This practice improves soil structure, enhances nutrient availability, and supports sustainable agricultural cycles by creating a natural nutrient loop.
**II. Feeding Ruminants and Returning to the Field**
Ruminants like cows and sheep can digest large quantities of straw, converting them into meat and milk. It's important to scientifically manage this process, as some farmers still rely on low-quality straw without proper processing. Promoting techniques like silage can significantly improve feed quality and efficiency, leading to better returns for farmers.
**III. Straw Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms**
China has a long history of using straw as a base for growing edible fungi such as mushrooms and straw mushrooms. This method not only provides an economic benefit but also contributes to the efficient utilization of agricultural waste.
**IV. Industrial Applications**
Straw is used in the production of paper, building materials, tableware, and decorative items like straw paintings. Its versatility allows it to be transformed into various products that meet industrial and consumer demands.
**V. Energy Utilization**
Straw can be converted into clean energy through several advanced technologies: biogas production, pyrolysis gasification, direct combustion for power generation, solid fuel molding, carbonization, and even ethanol or biodiesel production.
**1. Straw Biogas Technology**
This involves using microbial fermentation to convert straw into biogas and organic fertilizer. It comes in two forms—household systems and centralized biogas plants. It offers a clean energy solution, especially for farms without livestock, and the byproduct can be returned to the field as fertilizer.
**2. Straw Molding Technology**
By compressing straw under high pressure, it is turned into dense fuel blocks or pellets. This increases its energy density and makes it easier to transport and store. The resulting fuel is efficient, long-burning, and suitable for both rural and urban use.
**3. Straw Pyrolysis Gasification**
This technology produces combustible gases from straw, which can be used for cooking or heating. It is available in both household and community-scale systems, offering a practical alternative to traditional fuels.
**4. Direct Combustion Power Generation**
Straw can be burned directly in boilers to generate electricity. This process uses the heat from combustion to produce steam, which drives turbines to generate power.
**5. Straw Carbonization**
Through controlled pyrolysis, straw is converted into biochar, gas, and other byproducts. These can be used as fuel or further processed into chemical products, maximizing resource efficiency.
In China, straw utilization is categorized into low-end, conventional, and high-tech methods. Low-end methods include agricultural use, papermaking, and simple crafts, while high-tech applications involve energy, new building materials, and advanced processing. While many high-tech solutions are still in development, low-end technologies remain crucial in the short term. Prioritizing practices like straw returning, animal feeding, and efficient straw collection will drive the most effective comprehensive utilization of straw resources.
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