Straw has a wide range of applications across agriculture, industry, and energy sectors. In farming, it is used as organic fertilizer, for feeding ruminants, and in the cultivation of edible mushrooms. Industrially, straw is processed into paper, boards, wall materials, tableware, and even artistic products like straw paintings. Additionally, it serves as a renewable energy source in rural areas through technologies such as biogas production, gasification, and fuel generation.
One key agricultural use is returning straw to the field, which helps improve soil structure, increase nutrient efficiency, and support sustainable farming practices. Specialized machinery is used to incorporate straw into the soil, especially for crops like wheat, rice, and rapeseed. This method promotes a healthy ecological cycle and enhances long-term soil fertility.
Feeding ruminants with straw is another important practice. Cows, sheep, and other herbivores can digest various types of straw, converting them into meat and milk. However, some traditional methods are inefficient, such as feeding raw straw without proper processing. To improve this, techniques like silage are being promoted to make straw more nutritious and digestible for livestock. This not only boosts productivity but also allows farmers to utilize straw effectively while returning nutrients back to the land.
Straw is also widely used in mushroom cultivation, particularly for species like oyster mushrooms and straw mushrooms. This process turns waste straw into valuable food sources, contributing significantly to the circular economy of agriculture.
In industry, straw finds applications in making paper, building materials, and household items. It is also used in crafts and decorative arts, showcasing its versatility beyond just agricultural or energy uses.
Energy utilization of straw includes biogas production, where microbial fermentation converts straw into clean energy and organic fertilizer. Other technologies include gasification, direct combustion for power generation, and carbonization to produce biochar and other by-products. These innovations help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and provide sustainable alternatives for both rural and urban settings.
China has developed various levels of straw utilization, from low-end and conventional methods like papermaking and rope-making, to high-tech approaches such as biofuel production and advanced material manufacturing. While many high-tech solutions are still under development, low-end technologies remain crucial in the short term. Among these, straw return to the fields, livestock feeding, and efficient straw collection and processing should be prioritized to maximize resource efficiency and environmental benefits.
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